Where human purpose has been, and where it is going.
A free, citation-backed timeline of how human contribution changes over time. Start with any of 511 professions: scrub across two centuries and see employment, wages, tool eras, and the projection cone. Every datapoint cited.
The earliest cited figure for registered nurses is 10,833 in 1900. Today there are 3.38 million. See the timeline →
counted in a federal survey cited estimateThe dotted line only connects the dots: nothing between them is invented.
Management→31 roles
- General and Operations Managers ↗3.5M workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI management layer — Microsoft 365 Copilot (2023), Asana AI (2025), Tableau Pulse (2024), Agentforce Operations (2026)
- Financial Managers ↗869k workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI finance platforms (BlackLine Verity, HighRadius, Workday AI Planning Agent, Copilot for Finance)
- Computer and Information Systems Managers ↗671k workers · 72 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI governance — ChatGPT enterprise (2023), Chief AI Officer titles, AI security surface
- Sales Managers ↗637k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI sales coaching — Salesforce Einstein GPT (2023), HubSpot ChatSpot (2023), Microsoft Sales Copilot (2023)
- Medical and Health Services Managers ↗597k workers · 135 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI operations platforms — Epic Cosmos AI, Oracle Health Clinical AI Agent, AKASA, Innovaccer
- Construction Managers ↗550k workers · 171 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI agents for construction management (Procore AI, OpenSpace, ALICE Technologies, Togal.AI)
- Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers ↗466k workers · 174 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI leasing assistants, AI maintenance routing, and AI financial reporting (Meet Elise 2021, PropertyMeld, AppFolio Realm-X 2024)
- Marketing Managers ↗395k workers · 103 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI copywriting (ChatGPT, Claude, Jasper, Copy.ai) + AI ad-creative (Meta Advantage+, Google Performance Max) + AI-native analytics
- Food Service Managers ↗353k workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI restaurant management platforms (7shifts AI, Restaurant365 Intelligence, MarginEdge, Winnow, Toast AI)
- Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary ↗333k workers · 197 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI administrative tools for school leaders: MagicSchool AI, PowerSchool AI, ParentSquare, GoGuardian Beacon
- Administrative Services Managers ↗254k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI productivity layer (Microsoft 365 Copilot, ServiceNow Now Assist, Asana AI)
- Industrial Production Managers ↗242k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI scheduling copilots and predictive maintenance AI (Siemens Industrial Copilot, Plex AI Copilot, Augury AI)
- Education Administrators, Postsecondary ↗227k workers · 280 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native student-success and enrollment platforms (EAB Navigate360, Element451, Mainstay AI, Civitas Learning)
- Human Resources Managers ↗222k workers · 133 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI HR agents + algorithmic compliance governance (Workday Illuminate, Visier, EEOC AI enforcement era)
- Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers ↗221k workers · 165 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID crisis + generative AI demand forecasting (o9 Solutions, Blue Yonder) + reshoring-driven growth
- Social and Community Service Managers ↗220k workers · 157 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI grant writing + donor intelligence + outcome analytics AI (augmentation era)
- Architectural and Engineering Managers ↗213k workers · 182 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI construction intelligence (Doxel, Procore AI agents, Bluebeam Max, generative design)
- Chief Executives ↗204k workers · 223 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI decision support — board-meeting assistants, strategy-memo drafting, LLM executive tools (2023+)
- Facilities Managers ↗141k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-driven predictive maintenance, smart building platforms, and hybrid-work space analytics
- Natural Sciences Managers ↗104k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI research intelligence (AlphaFold, generative chemistry, AI-assisted ELN, large language models for grant writing)
- Purchasing Managers ↗84k workers · 168 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI sourcing optimization and autonomous procurement agents (Coupa Navi, SAP Joule, Keelvar era)
- Public Relations Managers ↗83k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI and agentic PR tools (Meltwater Mira, CisionOne AI, Muck Rack Media List Agent, Prowly AI)
- Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare ↗72k workers · 180 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI enrollment planning and voice-agent triage (Procare RoomRunner 2026, Playground Camber)
- Lodging Managers ↗52k workers · 244 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI revenue management + AI guest messaging + AI housekeeping optimization
- Training and Development Managers ↗45k workers · 162 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in learning design (AI course authoring, skills intelligence platforms, AI coaching)
- Fundraising Managers ↗37k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered donor analytics, predictive giving models, generative content (Virtuous, Dataro, Keela + ChatGPT)
- Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling ↗37k workers · 128 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI scheduling, wearable-data integration, and predictive facility management platforms
- Funeral Home Managers ↗32k workers · 205 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted funeral management: obituary tools, CRM, chain-of-custody, digital memorials
- Advertising and Promotions Managers ↗27k workers · 165 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous AI campaign management (Google Performance Max 2021, Meta Advantage+, Albert AI, Adobe GenStudio)
- Compensation and Benefits Managers ↗21k workers · 124 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPay transparency laws + AI pay-equity analytics (Syndio, Trusaic, Workday Illuminate 2025)
- Emergency Management Directors ↗13k workers · 93 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered situational intelligence stack (Dataminr, Pano AI, ArcGIS GeoAI, WebEOC Nexus AI)
Business & Finance→26 roles
- Accountants and Auditors ↗1.4M workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI bookkeeping agents — Pilot, Vic.ai autonomous AP, Klarity
- Management Analysts ↗1.1M workers · 148 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language models and firm-specific AI platforms (McKinsey Lilli, BCG Deckster, Bain Aura, Deloitte Zora)
- Project Management Specialists ↗1.0M workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native PM agents (Asana AI, ClickUp Brain, Atlassian Rovo, Monday.com AI, Smartsheet Smart Agent)
- Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists ↗942k workers · 123 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI platforms (Quantilope quinn, Qualtrics Edge, Outset.ai, Brandwatch Iris AI)
- Human Resources Specialists ↗912k workers · 133 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic HR AI + AI-bias governance — Workday AI agents, ServiceNow, Moveworks, Workday class-action (2024)
- Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products ↗522k workers · 119 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI procurement agents + COVID nearshoring + Russia-Ukraine sanctions layer
- Training and Development Specialists ↗452k workers · 162 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI authoring tools and AI-native LMS (Synthesia, Articulate AI, Sana Labs, Cornerstone Galaxy)
- Compliance Officers ↗418k workers · 100 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered compliance surveillance and the AI governance mandate (generative AI era)
- Financial and Investment Analysts ↗369k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native research platforms -- AlphaSense, Hebbia, Daloopa, and enterprise LLM assistants
- Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators ↗324k workers · 282 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI claim adjustment — autonomous FNOL, LLM-assisted investigation
- Loan Officers ↗274k workers · 252 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI underwriting models — Upstart's neural network, bank LLM integrations
- Personal Financial Advisors ↗267k workers · 65 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented financial planning — FP Alpha, Morgan Stanley AI Assistant, Conquest Planning
- Logisticians ↗241k workers · 254 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native supply chain platforms (Kinaxis Maestro, o9 Solutions, Blue Yonder, generative AI)
- Cost Estimators ↗224k workers · 141 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI quantity takeoff — Togal.AI, Buildots, Spetz, AI-assisted document analysis
- Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners ↗156k workers · 106 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI event intelligence platforms (CventIQ 2025, Reposite PlanPilot, Bizzabo BizzyAI)
- Fundraisers ↗134k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI prospect research, grant-writing automation, and CRM AI agents
- Insurance Underwriters ↗127k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered underwriting platforms + large language models (agentic AI era)
- Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists ↗107k workers · 111 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI pay-equity analytics and LLM-assisted job description tools (Syndio, Trusaic, Textio, Pequity)
- Tax Preparers ↗76k workers · 121 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIRS Direct File pilot (2024) + Intuit GenAI Tax Assist + AI-powered preparation
- Credit Analysts ↗68k workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native credit analysis platforms and large language model integration (Moody's CreditLens AI, ChatGPT, Claude, Numerated)
- Labor Relations Specialists ↗65k workers · 120 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI legal research and contract drafting (Harvey AI, Bloomberg Law Labor AI, LexisNexis Lexis+ AI)
- Financial Examiners ↗65k workers · 171 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted examination: BankRegData, NICE Actimize, Hummingbird, and SupTech platforms
- Financial Risk Specialists ↗61k workers · 60 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented risk analytics: Bloomberg PORT AI, MSCI Climate Lab, Quantexa, Claude/ChatGPT
- Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents ↗58k workers · 243 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI tax research platforms and LLM-assisted workpaper drafting (Checkpoint AI, Bloomberg Tax + AI)
- Budget Analysts ↗50k workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native FP&A: Workday Adaptive Planning AI (Illuminate), Anaplan CoPlanner, Datarails CFO Copilot, Microsoft Copilot for Finance
- Credit Counselors ↗32k workers · 83 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI intake tools and generative AI for financial education (Cleo, Albert, MMI AI intake, ChatGPT/Claude)
Tech & Data→19 roles
- Software Developers ↗1.7M workers · 89 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic coding goes multi-vendor: Claude Code, OpenAI Codex, Cursor, Copilot
- Computer User Support Specialists ↗730k workers · 53 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI service desks (Moveworks, Freshservice Freddy, ServiceNow Autonomous Workforce)
- Computer Systems Analysts ↗521k workers · 71 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI and agentic enterprise software (SAP Joule, Salesforce Agentforce, Atlassian Rovo, Celonis)
- Network and Computer Systems Administrators ↗332k workers · 65 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AIOps: Datadog Bits AI SRE (2025), Dynatrace Davis AI, Azure Copilot Agents, Ansible Lightspeed
- Data Scientists ↗246k workers · 72 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLM-powered tools + agentic notebooks (ChatGPT Nov 2022, GitHub Copilot, Hex Magic, Databricks Genie Code)
- Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers ↗202k workers · 78 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native test automation (Mabl 2017, QA Wolf, Testim, Diffblue Cover)
- Information Security Analysts ↗191k workers · 45 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented SOC (CrowdStrike Charlotte AI, Microsoft Security Copilot 2024)
- Computer Network Architects ↗179k workers · 65 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native network management + agentic AIOps (Juniper Mist, Forward Networks, Kentik AI)
- Computer Network Support Specialists ↗146k workers · 51 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAIOps platforms + agentic network intelligence (Juniper Mist, Cisco ThousandEyes AI Assistant, Dynatrace Davis AI)
- Web and Digital Interface Designers ↗129k workers · 41 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI design tools: Figma Make, v0, Framer AI (prompt-to-UI era)
- Operations Research Analysts ↗112k workers · 97 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLM-augmented optimization (Cursor + Claude Code for PuLP/Gurobi scaffolding, AI supply chain platforms)
- Computer Programmers ↗92k workers · 89 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGitHub Copilot GA (June 21, 2022) + Cursor + Claude Code — AI-native coding
- Web Developers ↗86k workers · 43 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI code generation: GitHub Copilot (2021), Cursor (2023), v0/Bolt.new/Lovable (2023-2024)
- Database Administrators ↗73k workers · 71 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous databases and AI-native tooling: Oracle ADB (2018), pganalyze, Datadog DBM, GitHub Copilot in SSMS
- Database Architects ↗67k workers · 66 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted schema design and semantic layer tools (dbt Copilot 2025, Snowflake Cortex Analyst, Databricks Genie)
- Computer and Information Research Scientists ↗40k workers · 88 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLM-assisted research tools (Elicit, Semantic Scholar AI, GitHub Copilot, formal proof assistants)
- Statisticians ↗32k workers · 195 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented statistics: GitHub Copilot, Jupyter AI, Julius AI, and the LLM-validation demand surge
- Actuaries ↗27k workers · 272 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for actuarial memos, IFRS 17 reporting, and reserve narratives
- Mathematicians ↗2k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI proof assistants and reasoning models (AlphaProof, OpenAI o3, Mathematica LLM)
Engineering→28 roles
- Civil Engineers ↗368k workers · 240 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIIJA infrastructure buildout + Autodesk Forma generative AI + climate-resilience engineering
- Industrial Engineers ↗351k workers · 156 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI process mining + digital twins + supply-chain AI (Celonis, AnyLogic AI, Kinaxis Maestro)
- Mechanical Engineers ↗293k workers · 187 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native design: generative topology optimization, simulation surrogates, and PLM copilots
- Electrical Engineers ↗199k workers · 150 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCHIPS Act + AI-datacenter power systems + IRA electrification (infrastructure super-cycle)
- Architectural and Civil Drafters ↗110k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative design and AI-assisted layout (Autodesk Forma, AI assistants in Civil 3D)
- Architects, Except Landscape and Naval ↗107k workers · 177 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for architectural design (Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, Veras, Maket, Autodesk Forma AI, Architechtures)
- Electronics Engineers, Except Computer ↗96k workers · 122 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native EDA: Cadence Allegro X AI, HFSS Engineering Copilot, Keysight PathWave AI Engine, Spectre AI
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologists and Technicians ↗94k workers · 93 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native test tools: NI TestStand AI, MATLAB AI Copilot, GitHub Copilot for SCPI, Altium 365 AI
- Computer Hardware Engineers ↗77k workers · 88 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native EDA and the CHIPS Act (Cadence Cerebrus, Synopsys DSO.ai, NVIDIA ChipNeMo)
- Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians ↗73k workers · 151 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered time study video analysis and vision inspection (Kaizen Copilot, VisionAI)
- Aerospace Engineers ↗72k workers · 131 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-accelerated simulation: Ansys SimAI, NVIDIA Modulus, MDO AI copilots (2022-present)
- Civil Engineering Technologists and Technicians ↗62k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted design + LiDAR mobile mapping + autonomous construction monitoring
- Surveying and Mapping Technicians ↗57k workers · 249 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDrone photogrammetry, LiDAR, and AI-assisted point cloud processing (2010s to present)
- Surveyors ↗56k workers · 286 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDrone photogrammetry and AI point-cloud processing (from 2015)
- Mechanical Drafters ↗40k workers · 224 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCloud-native CAD, model-based definition, and AI-assisted design (Fusion 360 2013, Onshape 2015, generative AI 2023+)
- Environmental Engineers ↗39k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered environmental monitoring, GHG accounting, and geospatial analysis (IBM EIS, ArcGIS GeoAI, Watershed AI, Persefoni)
- Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians ↗37k workers · 88 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted simulation and generative design (Ansys SimAI, Autodesk Fusion 360 generative)
- Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors ↗24k workers · 157 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered safety monitoring and augmentation (computer vision, wearable AI, generative AI)
- Materials Engineers ↗23k workers · 163 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI materials informatics: GNoME, Citrine Platform, Schrodinger, Azure Quantum Elements
- Bioengineers and Biomedical Engineers ↗22k workers · 86 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-accelerated simulation, generative geometry, and LLM-assisted regulatory document drafting (Ansys SimAI, NVIDIA Clara, Elicit, Greenlight Guru AI)
- Landscape Architects ↗22k workers · 171 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted design: Land F/X AI plant wizard, Lumion 2025 AI object recognition, ArcGIS GeoAI, ChatGPT for specs and proposals
- Chemical Engineers ↗22k workers · 146 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI process simulation and real-time optimization: Aspen Plus AI, Honeywell Forge, Seeq, IBM RXN
- Petroleum Engineers ↗20k workers · 120 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous drilling and AI production optimization (SLB DrillOps, Baker Hughes Leucipa, Novi Labs)
- Nuclear Engineers ↗15k workers · 92 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGPU-accelerated Monte Carlo and AI plant monitoring: OpenMC GPU, Westinghouse Lumen, INL RAVEN
- Cartographers and Photogrammetrists ↗13k workers · 182 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI feature extraction and automated photogrammetry (ArcGIS Pro AI, Pix4Dmapper AI, Google Earth Engine ML)
- Marine Engineers and Naval Architects ↗9k workers · 175 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI hull optimization, digital twins, and generative design (NAPA Designer AI, ABS Eagle FE-DLA, DNV Veracity)
- Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers ↗7k workers · 171 yrs covered
Latest tool eraML-driven mineral exploration and AI mine planning: KoBold Metals, Deswik AI scheduling, Leapfrog ML (critical-minerals era)
- Agricultural Engineers ↗2k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-guided autonomous equipment, computer vision weeding robots, and LLM-assisted engineering design
Science→27 roles
- Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists ↗172k workers · 136 yrs covered
Latest tool eramRNA platform + AI-accelerated drug discovery + LLM research tools
- Occupational Health and Safety Specialists ↗128k workers · 167 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI and computer vision: real-time monitoring, predictive analytics, and EHS AI agents
- Chemists ↗87k workers · 314 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native chemistry: IBM RXN retrosynthesis, AlphaFold 3, Schrodinger FEP+, Citrine active-learning DOE
- Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health ↗85k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted environmental analysis (Google Earth Engine AI, ClimateAi, SpheraCloud, PFAS AI tools)
- Biological Technicians ↗76k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic liquid handlers and electronic lab notebooks (Opentrons 2014, Benchling 2012)
- Clinical and Counseling Psychologists ↗76k workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 telehealth normalization + 2024 APA AI practice guidelines
- School Psychologists ↗64k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI writing tools and purpose-built school psychology AI assistants (ChatGPT, School Psych AI, Lightner AI)
- Chemical Technicians ↗56k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted instrumentation, automated data pipelines, and robotic liquid handlers
- Urban and Regional Planners ↗45k workers · 141 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPurpose-built planning AI (UrbanFootprint 2020, Replica 2019, TestFit 2018, Symbium 2024, Autodesk Forma 2023)
- Social Science Research Assistants ↗41k workers · 93 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI research tools: Elicit, Consensus, Otter.ai, Sonix, ATLAS.ti AI, MAXQDA AI Assist, Julius AI, ChatGPT (the automation frontier)
- Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health ↗39k workers · 64 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLow-cost sensor networks, drone sampling, AI-assisted anomaly detection, and PFAS-era analytical platforms
- Biochemists and Biophysicists ↗36k workers · 160 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI structure prediction and generative protein design (AlphaFold 2 onward)
- Conservation Scientists ↗29k workers · 101 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI, planetary-scale satellite AI, and forest carbon MRV platforms (SpeciesNet, EarthRanger, Pachama, Planet+Claude)
- Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers ↗25k workers · 228 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI seismic interpretation and ML mineral targeting (SLB DELFI, OpendTect AI, KoBold Metals)
- Physicists ↗25k workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraFoundation models, neural network potentials, and AI-co-authored physics (GNoME, MACE-MP-0, Claude/GPT for derivations)
- Microbiologists ↗21k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted microbiology (AlphaFold 2018/2021, WASPLab, DRAGEN, BugSeq)
- Economists ↗18k workers · 259 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language models and AI-assisted research tools (Stata 19 AI, GitHub Copilot, NotebookLM, Bloomberg AI Assist)
- Foresters ↗14k workers · 142 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI drone inventory, GeoAI stand analysis, and wildfire AI cameras (2022 onward)
- Epidemiologists ↗12k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language models + AI synthesis tools (Elicit, PubMedBERT, EpiNow2 Bayesian pipelines)
- Atmospheric and Space Scientists ↗9k workers · 165 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI foundation model NWP: GraphCast, ECMWF AIFS, GenCast, Aurora, FourCastNet
- Survey Researchers ↗9k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted survey design and synthetic respondents (Qualtrics AI, Caplena, Fairgen)
- Anthropologists and Archeologists ↗9k workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDeep learning for site detection, skeletal analysis, and ancient text recovery (ArchAI, Ithaca, ADAF)
- Political Scientists ↗7k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language models, AI annotation tools, and transformer-based analysis
- Industrial-Organizational Psychologists ↗6k workers · 133 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI hiring tools and algorithmic bias auditing (HireVue, Pymetrics/Harver, NYC LL144, EU AI Act era)
- Sociologists ↗3k workers · 142 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for qualitative coding, literature synthesis, and survey instrument generation
- Historians ↗3k workers · 150 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI handwritten text recognition + LLM research tools (Transkribus, JSTOR AI, NotebookLM, Ithaca)
- Astronomers ↗2k workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraJWST + LSST alert brokers + ML simulation emulators (2022 onward)
Social Services→13 roles
- Mental Health Counselors ↗484k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 telehealth normalization + the mental health crisis surge
- Social and Human Service Assistants ↗438k workers · 145 yrs covered
Latest tool eraARP CTC expansion + Medicaid unwinding + AI documentation tools
- Child, Family, and School Social Workers ↗400k workers · 159 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI documentation tools and early-warning platforms (Casebook AI, Panorama Education, GoGuardian Beacon)
- Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health Counselors ↗368k workers · 98 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID telehealth + ARP $30B + permanent methadone telemedicine (2024)
- Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors ↗353k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI career assessment + ChatGPT college essay controversy + ARP school MH surge
- Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers ↗193k workers · 136 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient documentation and AI-assisted case management (Eleos Health, Upheal, Casebook AI)
- Healthcare Social Workers ↗186k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI documentation assistants and ambient clinical AI (augmentation era)
- Rehabilitation Counselors ↗92k workers · 116 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-enhanced case management + labor market AI + assistive technology AI (AWARE/Libera AI features, VocRehabTools, Lightcast Skills Agent)
- Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists ↗87k workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted case planning, agentic supervision platforms, and predictive alert systems
- Marriage and Family Therapists ↗78k workers · 103 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient documentation + teletherapy platform infrastructure (Eleos, Upheal, Blueprint, 2020+)
- Health Education Specialists ↗65k workers · 124 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI writing, survey, and analysis tools (augmentation era)
- Community Health Workers ↗61k workers · 114 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMobile health apps + telehealth + AI-assisted care navigation tools
- Clergy ↗58k workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI writing and research assistants (ChatGPT, Microsoft Co-Pilot, Grammarly)
Legal→6 roles
- Lawyers ↗755k workers · 333 yrs covered
Latest tool eraFull BigLaw AI stack: CoCounsel, Lexis+ AI, Hebbia, Luminance, Relativity aiR, EvenUp
- Paralegals and Legal Assistants ↗393k workers · 66 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLexis+ AI — LexisNexis generative AI platform (general availability October 2023)
- Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers ↗48k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMachine-learning title underwriting and AI search platforms (States Title/Doma, Pippin Title, SoftPro AI Plus)
- Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates ↗27k workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI legal research and drafting tools (Harvey, CoCounsel, Lexis+ Protege)
- Judicial Law Clerks ↗15k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI legal research and drafting (Harvey, CoCounsel, Lexis+ Protege)
- Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators ↗9k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI legal research + ODR platforms + AI document analysis
Education→51 roles
- Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education ↗1.4M workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT and AI lesson-prep tools — the administrative hour reclaimed
- Secondary School Teachers ↗1.1M workers · 213 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT and AI writing tools — the assessment integrity crisis
- Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education ↗620k workers · 125 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT and AI tutors — assessment integrity crisis at the grade band most exposed
- Substitute Teachers, Short-Term ↗510k workers · 182 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI lesson-planning tools: MagicSchool, Brisk Teaching, Nearpod AI Create
- Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education ↗479k workers · 178 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI lesson-planning tools + AAP screen-time guidelines as a hard constraint
- Self-Enrichment Teachers ↗418k workers · 208 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI curriculum builders and creator tools (MagicSchool, Kajabi AI, Synthesia, 2023)
- Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary ↗290k workers · 271 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for medical education (ChatGPT Edu, BoardVitals AI, Osmosis AI, Elicit)
- Instructional Coordinators ↗228k workers · 91 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI lesson-planning tools — ChatGPT, MagicSchool AI, Brisk Teaching, Khanmigo targeting the core of the role
- Special Education Teachers, Elementary School ↗204k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI IEP generators and adaptive content platforms: MagicSchool AI, Goalbook, n2y Polaris, Floreo VR
- Tutors ↗175k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI tutoring agents (Khanmigo, Synthesis Tutor, Duolingo Max, ChatGPT)
- Special Education Teachers, Secondary School ↗164k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted IEP writing and transition planning (MagicSchool AI, Goalbook Threads, n2y Polaris, Naviance AI)
- Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary ↗155k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI tutoring and course-content tools (Khanmigo 2023, MagicSchool AI 2023, NotebookLM 2023)
- Librarians and Media Collections Specialists ↗134k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI — ChatGPT, AI research tools (Elicit, Consensus, Scite), OCLC AI cataloging
- Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary ↗123k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in arts education: Midjourney, Suno, Runway, ElevenLabs (the curriculum disruption era)
- Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary ↗122k workers · 172 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in CTE curriculum + AI adaptive assessment (ChatGPT Edu, Eduwhere, Turnitin AI)
- Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education ↗117k workers · 178 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI assessment and lesson-planning platforms: ESGI, MagicSchool AI, Amira Learning, ClassDojo AI Tutor
- Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School ↗104k workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI lesson-planning tools, AI mock-interview bots, and AI-embedded trade tools
- Business Teachers, Postsecondary ↗103k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in business education (ChatGPT Edu, Gradescope AI grading, NotebookLM)
- Special Education Teachers, Elementary School ↗95k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMagic School AI (2023) + Goalbook IEP tools + Microsoft Reading Coach — AI-assisted IEP drafting
- Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary ↗92k workers · 161 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI tutoring + virtual patient simulation (ChatGPT Edu, vSim, Body Interact, UWorld AI era)
- Education Teachers, Postsecondary ↗75k workers · 195 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for lesson planning, rubric generation, and literature synthesis (AI-augmented pedagogy era)
- Library Technicians ↗74k workers · 111 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted cataloging and ILL routing (OCLC Connexion AI 2025; Ex Libris Alma AI Metadata Assistant 2025)
- English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ↗72k workers · 263 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI writing tools and AI detection (ChatGPT November 2022, Turnitin AI detection April 2023)
- Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗66k workers · 258 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI, AlphaFold, and AI-assisted biology tools (2022-present)
- Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗59k workers · 307 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI mathematics tools: GPT-4 + Wolfram Alpha Pro, AlphaGeometry, DeepSeek-Math, OpenAI o3, ALEKS + Khanmigo
- Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary ↗53k workers · 159 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI: ChatGPT Edu, virtual simulated patients, and AI research synthesis (HeyGen, Elicit, NotebookLM)
- Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary ↗50k workers · 211 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI tools (ChatGPT, MATLAB Copilot, Ansys SimAI, GitHub Copilot for Education)
- Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗45k workers · 81 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language model coding assistants (GitHub Copilot, ChatGPT Edu, Codio Coach)
- Communications Teachers, Postsecondary ↗36k workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI and synthetic media (ChatGPT Nov 2022, Midjourney 2022, deepfake proliferation)
- Law Teachers, Postsecondary ↗30k workers · 260 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in legal research and teaching (Harvey, CoCounsel, Lexis+ Protege, ChatGPT Edu)
- Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary ↗27k workers · 322 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language models, AI text tools, and AI-assisted research platforms (LLM disruption era)
- Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary ↗25k workers · 187 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in chemistry education (ChatGPT, Gradescope AI, AlphaFold, Reaxys AI Search)
- History Teachers, Postsecondary ↗25k workers · 158 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI: ChatGPT, JSTOR AI Research Tool, NotebookLM (large language model era)
- Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗22k workers · 177 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLarge language models and AI research tools (Elicit, NotebookLM, ChatGPT, BERTopic)
- Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary ↗21k workers · 234 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI conversation tutors, LLM translation, and AI academic tools (Duolingo Max, DeepL, ChatGPT Edu)
- Physics Teachers, Postsecondary ↗17k workers · 307 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI physics tools (Wolfram Notebook Assistant, MATLAB Copilot, ChatGPT, Khanmigo)
- Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary ↗17k workers · 136 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI client simulation (Mursion) + AI documentation training (Eleos Health) + generative AI course scaffolding (ChatGPT Edu)
- Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary ↗16k workers · 118 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in law enforcement (Axon Draft One, Canvas AI, Turnitin detection)
- Economics Teachers, Postsecondary ↗16k workers · 210 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI in economics teaching (ChatGPT 99th pct TUCE, Gradescope, Elicit)
- Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary ↗15k workers · 142 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI tools (ATLAS.ti AI Coding, MAXQDA AI Assist, ChatGPT Edu, Sonix, Packback)
- Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary ↗15k workers · 173 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted grading, syllabus generation, and sport science analytics (ChatGPT Edu, Gradescope, WHOOP Coach)
- Curators ↗15k workers · 188 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted cataloging, provenance AI, and generative interpretation tools (Axiell EMu AI, Bloomberg Connects, Claude)
- Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary ↗14k workers · 189 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI weather and earth-system foundation models (GraphCast, Microsoft Aurora, FourCastNet, Pangu-Weather)
- Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary ↗12k workers · 166 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI image generation and large language models (Midjourney 2022, Stable Diffusion 2022, ChatGPT 2022, Autodesk Forma AI 2023)
- Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary ↗11k workers · 172 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native precision agriculture and research tools (CropX, Julius AI, Elicit, LLM research assistants)
- Archivists ↗9k workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI tools: Whisper, LLM-assisted description, ArchivesSpace AI integrations
- Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗9k workers · 64 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI environmental foundation models (ClimaX, NeuralGCM, Microsoft Aurora) + AI-assisted research and teaching (Elicit, Gradescope, Google Earth Engine ML classifiers)
- Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary ↗7k workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI (large language models, AI qualitative coding, AI literature synthesis)
- Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗5k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI and the AI literacy moment (ChatGPT, Elicit, Perplexity, 2022-present)
- Geography Teachers, Postsecondary ↗4k workers · 130 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGeoAI and generative tools (ArcGIS AI assistants, Mapbox Location AI, ChatGPT Edu, Google Earth Engine LLM integration)
- Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary ↗2k workers · 136 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCloud geospatial AI + biodiversity AI (Google Earth Engine, SpeciesNet, MegaDetector, BirdNET)
Arts & Media→24 roles
- Public Relations Specialists ↗316k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI writing, agentic pitching, and GEO visibility tools (Jasper, Prowly, Muck Rack Media List Agent)
- Coaches and Scouts ↗249k workers · 165 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI talent evaluation — computer vision + large models for video scouting (Hudl/Synergy/BAM Sports)
- Graphic Designers ↗198k workers · 144 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMidjourney v6 + Sora + DALL-E 3 — photorealistic commercial AI at scale
- Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers ↗192k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI planogram generation, attention-mapping analytics, and generative image tools
- Producers and Directors ↗167k workers · 139 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI production toolkit (Runway Gen-4, Sora, Kling, DaVinci Resolve AI, ElevenLabs, Cinelytic)
- Editors ↗92k workers · 325 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChatGPT / Claude — LLM writing and editing at scale; GPTZero and Originality.ai for detection
- Interior Designers ↗87k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI visualization: REimagineHome, RoomGPT, Veras by Chaos, Foyr Neo, Spacely AI (2022-present)
- Interpreters and Translators ↗75k workers · 219 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI translation -- GPT-4, Claude, ElevenLabs dubbing (2022-present)
- Audio and Video Technicians ↗70k workers · 114 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI audio/video production tools (Descript, Adobe Podcast, Waves StudioVerse, Runway Gen-4)
- Special Effects Artists and Animators ↗57k workers · 120 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI video and AI-assisted compositing: Runway Gen-4, Sora, After Effects 26.2 Object Matte, AI mocap
- Actors ↗57k workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice cloning, AI digital replicas, and AI-generated video (ElevenLabs 2022, Runway Gen-4 2026)
- Technical Writers ↗56k workers · 94 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted documentation: Mintlify, GitHub Copilot Docs, Scribe, ChatGPT/Claude for first drafts
- Art Directors ↗53k workers · 114 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSora video AI + Midjourney v6 — photorealistic commercial AI at scale
- Photographers ↗51k workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI image generation (DALL-E 2, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion) and AI photo editing
- Writers and Authors ↗48k workers · 325 yrs covered
Latest tool eraClaude + GPT-4 — long-form AI writing at publishable quality; WGA wins AI protections
- Film and Video Editors ↗44k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted editing and generative video (Descript 2020, Adobe Premiere AI, DaVinci Resolve Neural Engine, Runway Gen-4)
- Floral Designers ↗40k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI design assistants, 3D visualization tools, and generative mood boards
- News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists ↗39k workers · 201 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI — ChatGPT, DALL-E 2, Midjourney + AP/OpenAI and Axel Springer/OpenAI deals; NYT lawsuit
- Musicians and Singers ↗36k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSuno (Dec 2023) + Udio (Apr 2024) — mass-market generative AI music
- Set and Exhibit Designers ↗31k workers · 137 yrs covered
Latest tool eraUnreal Engine virtual production + AI previs + AI 3D generation (LED volume era)
- Commercial and Industrial Designers ↗31k workers · 107 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI generative design and sketch-to-render tools (Vizcom, Autodesk Fusion Generative Design, Midjourney)
- Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators ↗27k workers · 244 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI image synthesis (Midjourney, DALL-E, Stable Diffusion, Adobe Firefly)
- Fashion Designers ↗26k workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI: concept generation, trend forecasting, and digital photography (creative displacement era)
- Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners ↗18k workers · 262 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI speech recognition (Verbit, AssemblyAI, Rev) and the AI-first transcript era
Healthcare→62 roles
- Registered Nurses ↗3.4M workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI nursing scribes — Dragon Copilot, Abridge, DAX for nurses
- Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses ↗648k workers · 143 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation + SNF AI pilot programs (Catalia Health Mabu, smart-bed sensors)
- Pharmacy Technicians ↗472k workers · 66 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChain implosion + central-fill automation — the consolidation era
- Nurse Practitioners ↗323k workers · 69 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI clinical decision support + ambient scribes (UpToDate AI, Abridge, Nuance DAX)
- Pharmacists ↗322k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChain implosion + central-fill automation — the restructuring era
- Physical Therapists ↗267k workers · 221 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation + AI motion analysis (WebPT AI, Dragon Copilot, KinetiSense)
- Radiologic Technologists and Technicians ↗228k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-integrated imaging: auto-positioning, deep learning reconstruction, and triage AI
- Dental Hygienists ↗222k workers · 128 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI dental radiographic analysis (Pearl Second Opinion, Overjet, VideaHealth) + AI voice charting (Denti.AI, Dentrix Ascend Voice)
- Medical Records Specialists ↗195k workers · 127 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered coding and NLP revenue cycle tools (autonomous coding, computer-assisted coding at scale)
- Speech-Language Pathologists ↗187k workers · 173 yrs covered
Latest tool eraTelepractice + AI documentation (SLPFlow, Tenalog/Ambiki, SPRY Scribe)
- Emergency Medical Technicians ↗181k workers · 68 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ePCR documentation (ESO AI, ImageTrend AI Assist) + AI pre-alert platforms (Pulsara, Viz.ai)
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists ↗176k workers · 115 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI digital morphology, automated urinalysis, and laboratory clinical decision support
- Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians ↗167k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted autoverification, digital morphology, and autonomous PBS review (current era)
- Physician Assistants ↗162k workers · 69 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI clinical documentation (Nuance DAX, Abridge) + LLM decision support + prior-auth automation
- Occupational Therapists ↗160k workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraTelehealth OT and AI documentation (COVID expansion to present)
- Dentists, General ↗149k workers · 200 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI radiographic analysis (Pearl, Overjet, VideaHealth: FDA-cleared 2021-2022)
- Respiratory Therapists ↗140k workers · 91 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-driven clinical decision support and closed-loop ventilation (Etiometry T3, INTELLiVENT-ASV, ResMed Smart Comfort)
- Psychiatric Technicians ↗136k workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI clinical documentation + predictive risk models (Netsmart Bells, REACH VET, JotPsych)
- Veterinary Technologists and Technicians ↗134k workers · 108 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI diagnostic analyzers + AI ambient scribes + AI scheduling (Zoetis Imagyst, SignalPET, ScribbleVet, Vetstoria)
- Surgical Technologists ↗117k workers · 92 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI surgical video intelligence + augmented imaging (Theator, Activ Surgical) — workflow overlay, not tech substitution
- Family Medicine Physicians ↗116k workers · 216 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation and clinical decision support (Dragon Copilot, Abridge, Freed AI, Suki, Glass Health, Epic In-Basket AI)
- Paramedics ↗102k workers · 67 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI dispatch intelligence + AI cardiac monitor + NLP-powered ePCR (current era)
- Dietitians and Nutritionists ↗91k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ADIME scribes, AI meal planning engines, and CGM + AI metabolic platforms
- Veterinarians ↗86k workers · 171 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI scribes, AI radiology, and AI cytology (ScribbleVet, SignalPET 360, Zoetis Vetscan Imagyst)
- Opticians, Dispensing ↗80k workers · 185 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI centration systems + virtual try-on (Zeiss VISUFIT 1000; Essilor VisiOffice X+; Fittingbox)
- Diagnostic Medical Sonographers ↗77k workers · 65 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ultrasound tools (FDA-cleared biometry automation, AI echo measurement, AI BI-RADS, AI acquisition guidance)
- Ophthalmic Medical Technicians ↗77k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-integrated diagnostic imaging (autonomous DR screening, AI OCT interpretation)
- General Internal Medicine Physicians ↗73k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI clinical documentation (Abridge, Dragon Copilot; JAMA 2025 RCT)
- Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians ↗65k workers · 125 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ECG interpretation and cath lab AI (Anumana, Cardiologs, SyncVision, CAAS vFFR): AI embedded across all subspecialties
- Chiropractors ↗57k workers · 139 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient scribes + AI X-ray analysis (ChiroTouch Rheo, Chiropax, SPRY AI, PostureScribe.AI)
- Nurse Anesthetists ↗54k workers · 157 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented anesthesia monitoring: HemoSphere HPI, SedLine, Epic AIMS, and ambient documentation (contemporary AI era)
- Optometrists ↗48k workers · 133 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous AI diagnostic systems + ambient documentation (FDA-cleared era)
- Pediatricians, General ↗46k workers · 177 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI scribes + AI developmental screening aids (documentation relief era)
- Anesthesiologists ↗45k workers · 188 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation scribes + AI ultrasound guidance (Dragon Copilot, Abridge, Caption AI)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists ↗44k workers · 57 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-accelerated MRI reconstruction (GE AIR Recon DL, Siemens Deep Resolve, Philips SmartSpeed; AI auto-positioning; cardiac MRI AI analysis)
- Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars ↗38k workers · 106 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI clinical documentation and autonomous coding assistants (ambient scribes, LLM-assisted coding)
- Emergency Medicine Physicians ↗36k workers · 73 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation scribes (Dragon Copilot, DAX, Abridge) and AI triage decision support (KATE)
- Athletic Trainers ↗34k workers · 153 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI workload risk scoring, force plate ML, and markerless biomechanics (Catapult Vector 8, Kitman Labs, Sparta Science, Sway Medical)
- Radiologists ↗28k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraFDA-cleared AI triage and reporting algorithms (Aidoc 2016, Viz.ai 2018, Rad AI 2020+)
- Psychiatrists ↗27k workers · 225 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI scribes, pharmacogenomics AI, digital therapeutics, and telepsychiatry at scale (COVID-19 waiver era)
- Exercise Physiologists ↗24k workers · 107 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-enabled virtual cardiac rehabilitation (Carda Health, telehealth video, ML adherence prediction)
- Obstetricians and Gynecologists ↗22k workers · 230 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient scribes, fetal monitoring AI, and ultrasound automation (current era)
- Nuclear Medicine Technologists ↗22k workers · 93 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI image reconstruction and theranostics workflow platforms (GE AIR Recon DL, SubtlePET, Lu-177 therapy era)
- Cardiologists ↗19k workers · 132 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI cardiology: ECG-AI, AI-echo, FFR-CT, wearable ECG, ambient documentation (AI-native era)
- Art and Music Therapists ↗19k workers · 92 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI clinical documentation + generative AI
- Ophthalmologists, Except Pediatric ↗19k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous AI diagnostics (LumineticsCore FDA-cleared 2018; EyeArt 2020; home OCT 2024)
- Radiation Therapists ↗19k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-driven online adaptive radiotherapy (Ethos, Elekta Unity MR-Linac, auto-contouring)
- Recreational Therapists ↗16k workers · 242 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI documentation and music engagement tools (Dragon Copilot, Net Health Therapy AI, TherapyNotes AI, SingFit)
- Audiologists ↗16k workers · 90 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI hearing aid chips + OTC devices (Phonak DEEPSONIC, Oticon DNN 2.0, FDA OTC category 2022)
- Orthopedic Surgeons, Except Pediatric ↗14k workers · 294 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI fracture detection, AR surgical guidance, and digital care pathways (Gleamer, Augmedics, Force Therapeutics, Dragon Copilot)
- Physicians, Pathologists ↗13k workers · 177 yrs covered
Latest tool eraFDA-authorized AI for digital pathology (Paige 2021, Ibex 2025, PathAI, Proscia, Indica)
- Dermatologists ↗11k workers · 198 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI dermoscopy, ambient documentation AI, and FDA-cleared skin cancer detection devices (DermaSensor 2024; Dragon Copilot; 15+ approved AI tools globally)
- Orthodontists ↗11k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI treatment planning + remote monitoring (ClinCheck Live Plan, DentalMonitoring, ORCA CephX)
- Orthotists and Prosthetists ↗10k workers · 173 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI socket rectification, pressure mapping, and AI-adaptive prosthetics (Rodin4D, Proteor eSkin, Össur POWER KNEE, Coapt)
- Podiatrists ↗10k workers · 139 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient scribes + AI radiographic measurement (Heidi Health, Freed, IB Lab FROG)
- Nurse Midwives ↗9k workers · 125 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation and RNA biomarker risk stratification (Dragon Copilot, Mirvie Encompass)
- Neurologists ↗8k workers · 175 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation and clinical decision support (Dragon Copilot, OpenEvidence, Glass Health)
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons ↗6k workers · 185 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI virtual surgical planning + deep learning imaging analysis (2010s-present)
- Medical Dosimetrists ↗5k workers · 83 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI auto-planning + adaptive radiotherapy (RayStation ECHO, Varian Ethos IOE, Limbus auto-contouring)
- Genetic Counselors ↗4k workers · 87 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI variant interpretation + ambient documentation (Franklin, Emedgene, Dragon Copilot era)
- Prosthodontists ↗4k workers · 116 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted crown design and implant planning (Exocad AI, 3Shape Automate, Planmeca Romexis 7)
- Pediatric Surgeons ↗1k workers · 180 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented pediatric surgical workflow: ambient documentation, imaging AI, OR analytics, surgical video intelligence
Healthcare Support→14 roles
- Nursing Assistants ↗1.4M workers · 116 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI documentation — AI speech assistants for nursing charting
- Nursing Assistants ↗1.4M workers · 173 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient documentation + sensor-based fall prevention (Commure, Aiva, VirtuSense VSTAlert)
- Medical Assistants ↗818k workers · 79 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI clinical scribes — Nuance DAX (2020) → Microsoft acquisition (2022) → Abridge Series C (2024)
- Dental Assistants ↗388k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI dental radiograph analysis — Pearl Second Opinion + Overjet (FDA cleared 2022)
- Phlebotomists ↗139k workers · 95 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic phlebotomy prototypes under clinical evaluation (Vitestro Aletta, Rutgers Veebot)
- Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers ↗114k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI radiology, AI point-of-care diagnostics, and AI clinical scribes (SignalPET, VETSCAN Imagyst, CoVet)
- Physical Therapist Assistants ↗112k workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented PT — motion capture, biofeedback, remote monitoring + Hinge Health IPO (2025)
- Massage Therapists ↗96k workers · 178 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice-to-SOAP scribes + robotic massage (Noterro Scribe 2024; Aescape commercial deployment 2024)
- Medical Equipment Preparers ↗73k workers · 106 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI analytics and autonomous delivery robots (CensisAI2 2023, mobile robots in large health systems)
- Orderlies ↗53k workers · 172 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSmart beds, electronic transport tracking, and patient flow software
- Occupational Therapy Assistants ↗48k workers · 76 yrs covered
Latest tool eraTelehealth platforms, tablet-based assessment apps, and AI documentation assistants
- Physical Therapist Aides ↗44k workers · 116 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDigital home exercise platforms and remote monitoring (Hinge Health, Sword Health, Kaia)
- Medical Transcriptionists ↗43k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI ambient scribing + large language model clinical documentation (Nuance DAX, AWS HealthScribe)
- Pharmacy Aides ↗41k workers · 159 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPharmacy micro-fulfillment centers and AI-assisted intake (Walgreens, CVS automation wave)
Protective Services→14 roles
- Security Guards ↗1.3M workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI gunshot detection + loitering detection + Flock Safety LPR + facial recognition (pervasive AI sensing)
- Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers ↗671k workers · 189 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAxon Draft One AI report-writer + predictive analytics (LLM augmentation era)
- Correctional Officers and Jailers ↗381k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID staffing crisis + AI behavior-detection CCTV + decarceration policy pressure (the contraction era)
- Firefighters ↗346k workers · 298 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI thermal overlays + wildland drones (Skydio/DJI/Parrot) + IoT fire detection + AI dispatch
- First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives ↗153k workers · 189 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI report generation and predictive deployment (Axon Draft One 2024; SoundThinking ResourceRouter 2023)
- Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers ↗144k workers · 186 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI drowning detection, GPS dispatch platforms, and autonomous rescue drones
- Detectives and Criminal Investigators ↗114k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI case analysis + LLM report-writing + predictive lead scoring (generative AI era)
- First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers ↗94k workers · 181 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted incident reporting and predictive scheduling (NERIS, First Due, Vector Solutions, 2024-2026)
- Crossing Guards and Flaggers ↗90k workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI smart crosswalk detection (ConnVAS MAGIC, Derq, V2X pedestrian beacons)
- School Bus Monitors ↗72k workers · 104 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered onboard cameras and RFID student check-in (Coram AI, EdgeTensor, Verkada, Safe Fleet PSA)
- First-Line Supervisors of Security Workers ↗70k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI video analytics and LLM-assisted report generation
- First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers ↗53k workers · 213 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBody-worn cameras and digital evidence management (Axon Corrections era)
- Transportation Security Screeners ↗46k workers · 61 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCT scanners, credential-authentication technology, and AI-assisted threat recognition (2020s checkpoint modernization)
- Private Detectives and Investigators ↗39k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSocial media OSINT, drone surveillance, digital forensics, and AI-assisted research (contemporary era)
Food Service→14 roles
- Fast Food and Counter Workers ↗3.8M workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-adaptive training platforms (Axonify Co-Creator, 2025)
- Waiters and Waitresses ↗2.3M workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI phone-ordering agents + AI scheduling and tip analytics tools
- Cooks, Restaurant ↗1.4M workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraChipotle Hyphen makeline + Sweetgreen Infinite Kitchen + AI menu engineering (2023+)
- First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers ↗1.2M workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI operations platforms (Crunchtime AI 2022+, Fourth iQ, Toast IQ, Push Operations)
- Food Preparation Workers ↗894k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSweetgreen Infinite Kitchen — robotic assembly integrated from design (2021 Spyce acquisition, 2023 deployment)
- Bartenders ↗757k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic bartenders (Makr Shakr 2014; Richtech ADAM 2023; AI Barmen CES 2026)
- Cooks, Fast Food ↗641k workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic fry stations and AI kitchen vision (Flippy, Yum/Nvidia, voice drive-thru AI)
- Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers ↗543k workers · 207 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBear Robotics Servi — autonomous tray-delivery robot (founded May 2017, mass deployment 2022+)
- Dishwashers ↗478k workers · 185 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic dishwashing systems (Nala Robotics Spotless 2023; Armstrong Robotics 2024-25)
- Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria ↗441k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-era grab-and-go meal distribution + post-COVID universal free school meals expansion
- Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop ↗427k workers · 204 yrs covered
Latest tool eraVoice AI phone agents (Slang AI 2022, Yelp Host 2025, Hostie AI)
- Food Servers, Nonrestaurant ↗272k workers · 113 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous mobile robots (AMR corridor transport era)
- Chefs and Head Cooks ↗200k workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI menu engineering, inventory optimization, and scheduling tools
- Cooks, Short Order ↗150k workers · 162 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic fryers and AI prep forecasting (Miso Robotics Flippy, ClearCOGS)
Cleaning & Grounds→7 roles
- Janitors and Building Cleaners ↗2.2M workers · 204 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-era electrostatic sprayers + UV-C disinfection + cobot fleets
- Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers ↗1.2M workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous robotic mowers and AI job scheduling (commercial scale)
- Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners ↗861k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID hospitality crash + "stayover" opt-in cleaning policy (structural demand reduction)
- First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers ↗175k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI workforce scheduling and AI inspection platforms (Deputy AI, Workeen AI)
- First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers ↗124k workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI scheduling and operations platforms (Aspire Scheduling Assistant, Jobber AI, 2025)
- Pest Control Workers ↗96k workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIoT smart traps and AI route optimization (Anticimex SMART, WorkWave WAIve, Rentokil PestConnect)
- Tree Trimmers and Pruners ↗48k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDrone canopy assessment, GIS vegetation management, and arborist mobile apps (the digital field era)
Personal Care→14 roles
- Childcare Workers ↗519k workers · 180 yrs covered
Latest tool eraParent-communication apps (Brightwheel 2014+) + AI scheduling tools (2023+)
- Amusement and Recreation Attendants ↗398k workers · 192 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenie+ / Lightning Lane virtual queue (2021) + post-COVID capacity management tech
- Animal Caretakers ↗392k workers · 166 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI health monitoring, automated portals, and computer-vision welfare systems
- Fitness Trainers and Instructors ↗323k workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI form-correction + generative workout planning (Tempo, Fitbod, Future, 2023+)
- Recreation Workers ↗310k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI program management assistants (Amilia AI/Cecilia, Traction Rec AI, ChatGPT for program copy)
- Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists ↗306k workers · 269 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPost-COVID: suite rental model + social commerce + AI color formulation tools
- Manicurists and Pedicurists ↗148k workers · 156 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSoak-off gel polish (Shellac 2010, OPI GelColor), AI booking software, nail art printers
- Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers ↗119k workers · 209 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBiometric facial entry (Wicket, PopID) + AI crowd analytics
- First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers ↗107k workers · 146 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI workforce and analytics tools (Zenoti AI Workforce, GlossGenius Growth Analyst, Homebase AI)
- First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services ↗93k workers · 148 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted scheduling, feedback analytics, and predictive attendance tools (AI augmentation era)
- Gambling Dealers ↗83k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI surveillance, RFID smart tables, and automated shufflers (Deckmate 2, Walker Digital)
- Residential Advisors ↗83k workers · 274 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI resident communications (EliseAI, STAN AI) + AI data synthesis (WolfieAI/Roompact 2025)
- Skincare Specialists ↗70k workers · 124 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI skin analysis + practice management software (OBSERV 520x, Perfect Corp., Pabau Echo AI)
- Concierges ↗44k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI chatbots and large language model guest assistants (HiJiffy, Hoteza AI, ConciergeBot)
Sales→18 roles
- Retail Salespersons ↗3.9M workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI shopping assistants + inventory intelligence (Shopify Magic, generative product discovery)
- Cashiers ↗3.1M workers · 155 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMobile order-ahead + AI vision checkout (McDonald's / Starbucks kiosks, Mashgin, Standard Cognition, AiFi)
- Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products ↗1.3M workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI sales tools (Gong, ZoomInfo Copilot, Salesloft Rhythm, Salesforce Agentforce)
- Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel ↗1.2M workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI SDR agents + conversation intelligence: Salesforce Agentforce, Gong, ZoomInfo Copilot
- First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers ↗1.1M workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID bifurcation + AI-assisted inventory + loss-prevention technology (2020 onward)
- Insurance Sales Agents ↗569k workers · 191 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI tools for proposals, CRM intelligence, and compliance (ChatGPT, Claude, Salesforce Einstein, Gong)
- Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents ↗490k workers · 242 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI research and sales intelligence — Morgan Stanley AI Assistant, FactSet Mercury, Bloomberg AI Assist
- Counter and Rental Clerks ↗408k workers · 118 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI chatbots and damage-detection AI (Anolla, UVeye, Rybo, InTempo AI)
- Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products ↗303k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous AI agents for sales (Salesforce Agentforce, ZoomInfo Copilot, Seismic Aura)
- Parts Salespersons ↗272k workers · 125 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice and chat agents for parts lookup and inquiry routing (Circuitry AI, PartsNow.ai, Symphonize)
- First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers ↗219k workers · 150 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI revenue-intelligence platforms: Gong (2016), Clari (2012/2016 pivot), Outreach, Salesforce Agentforce
- Real Estate Sales Agents ↗193k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraNAR v. Sitzer/Burnett settlement (2024) + AI property tools + rate-shock market
- Advertising Sales Agents ↗104k workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCTV, retail media, and AI sales tools (consultative premium era)
- Telemarketers ↗66k workers · 77 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice agents (Retell AI, Bland, Synthflow) -- autonomous outbound calling
- Demonstrators and Product Promoters ↗65k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered demo automation: Consensus, Supademo, Showpad GenieAI (interactive digital demo era)
- Sales Engineers ↗57k workers · 144 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI and demo automation (ChatGPT, Claude, GitHub Copilot, Consensus, Walnut; AI-first SE stack)
- Travel Agents ↗55k workers · 193 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI itinerary tools — ChatGPT travel planning, Mindtrip, Expedia GenAI chatbot, Layla AI
- Real Estate Brokers ↗50k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted CRM + showing tools + commission-negotiation era (post-settlement)
Admin & Office→39 roles
- Customer Service Representatives ↗2.6M workers · 156 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI customer agents at scale — Sierra, Decagon, Klarna, GPT-4o voice
- Office Clerks, General ↗2.5M workers · 181 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLMs and AI document processing (ChatGPT, Copilot, Hyperscience)
- Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ↗1.7M workers · 160 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLMs in-line in the office suite (MS 365 Copilot, Gemini for Workspace)
- First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers ↗1.6M workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI tool stack (Microsoft 365 Copilot, Reclaim.ai, Otter.ai, Rippling AI)
- Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks ↗1.4M workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraLLM-based bookkeeping — QuickBooks Intuit Assist, Xero JAX, BILL AI, Stampli
- Receptionists and Information Clerks ↗1.0M workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice receptionists + scheduling bots (RingCentral AIR, Goodcall, Calendly AI)
- Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks ↗862k workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraWMS AI agents and collaborative robotics (Oracle Inventory Tasking Agent, SAP EWM AI, Locus Robotics)
- Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ↗850k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmbient AI clinical documentation and EHR-native AI agents (Nuance DAX, Abridge, Epic Emmie)
- Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants ↗503k workers · 245 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI scheduling, email, and meeting agents (Reclaim.ai 2020; Otter.ai; Microsoft 365 Copilot 2023; Granola 2023; Navan Edge 2026)
- Billing and Posting Clerks ↗430k workers · 258 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered revenue cycle platforms (Waystar AltitudeAI, CodaMetrix, AKASA -- autonomous claim processing)
- Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks ↗389k workers · 131 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI supply chain orchestration (Kinaxis Maestro Agents, Oct 2025)
- Tellers ↗329k workers · 243 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID branch closures + AI teller chat + relationship banking imperative
- Postal Service Mail Carriers ↗319k workers · 260 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDynamic Route Optimization (DRO) and AI-assisted route planning
- Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks ↗261k workers · 205 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice receptionists + integrated PMS AI (AINORA, Canary AI Voice, Cloudbeds Signals)
- Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks ↗214k workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGenerative AI for claims correspondence, FNOL triage, and Q&A bots
- Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance ↗211k workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI dispatch platforms (Locus DispatchIQ, Numeo AI, DispatchMVP, ServiceTitan Dispatch Pro)
- Loan Interviewers and Clerks ↗173k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI mortgage automation (Ocrolus, Areal, Blend Autopilot, MeridianLink Doc Agent)
- Court, Municipal, and License Clerks ↗170k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted document processing and permit automation (Tyler AI, GovWell, Govstream.ai)
- Bill and Account Collectors ↗165k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice agents + real-time compliance coaching (Prodigal, Skit.ai, Sedric, 2018-present)
- Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan ↗157k workers · 99 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI voice survey agents (Gallup AI pilot 2026; Miravoice; Qualtrics Experience Agents)
- Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks ↗157k workers · 146 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted payroll anomaly detection and compliance agents (ADP Assist, Workday Illuminate, Rippling AI)
- Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs ↗156k workers · 99 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted eligibility tools + Medicaid unwinding surge (Salesforce Agentforce, Appian AI)
- Legal Secretaries and Administrative Assistants ↗155k workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered legal practice management: Clio Manage AI, Harvey, Spellbook, iManage Ask (from 2022-2025)
- Data Entry Keyers ↗135k workers · 144 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIntelligent document processing and AI extraction (Rossum, Hyperscience, UiPath)
- Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks ↗127k workers · 194 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI rebooking assistants and agentic travel booking (Sabre Mosaic, Amadeus Cytric AI, Google agentic travel)
- Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators ↗112k workers · 170 yrs covered
Latest tool eraUSPS Matrix Regional Sorter (MaRS, 2024) and Parallel Induction Linear Sorter (PILS, 2025)
- Public Safety Telecommunicators ↗101k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted 9-1-1: real-time transcription, AI copilots, automated non-emergency agents
- Cargo and Freight Agents ↗98k workers · 198 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAgentic AI platforms (Raft, Wisor, Nuvo AI, Flexport Customs Suite)
- Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping ↗93k workers · 120 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI HR agents and helpdesk automation (Workday Illuminate 2025, Leena AI, Rippling AI)
- Order Clerks ↗83k workers · 162 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI order capture and automation (Conexiom, Esker, Rossum; 2015-present)
- Library Assistants, Clerical ↗80k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted catalog discovery and OCLC AI Record Manager
- File Clerks ↗79k workers · 141 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIntelligent Document Processing (DocuWare, Laserfiche Smart Fields, M-Files Aino) and AI classification
- Postal Service Clerks ↗78k workers · 242 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDelivering for America automation + AI customer service (AI chatbot launched 2025)
- Couriers and Messengers ↗72k workers · 191 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI route optimization and autonomous delivery pilots (Onfleet, DoorDash Dot, Starship)
- Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service ↗63k workers · 114 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDigital mailroom platforms + parcel processing (scan-and-route era)
- Procurement Clerks ↗60k workers · 120 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted procurement automation (Coupa, Jaggaer, SAP AI, generative PO generation)
- Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping ↗50k workers · 244 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutomated inline weighing, AI-assisted anomaly detection, and cloud ERP (present-day mainstream)
- Brokerage Clerks ↗40k workers · 242 yrs covered
Latest tool eraT+1 settlement, AI-assisted reconciliation, and real-time processing
- New Accounts Clerks ↗38k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMobile-first digital onboarding and AI-assisted KYC (current era)
Farming & Fishing→1 role
Construction→24 roles
- Construction Laborers ↗1.1M workers · 209 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIIJA + IRA + CHIPS Act infrastructure pipeline — the decade-long demand wave
- First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers ↗922k workers · 217 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI construction management (Procore AI, Trunk Tools, Fyld, Buildots, Togal.AI)
- Electricians ↗757k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraInflation Reduction Act era — EV chargers, heat pumps, solar, AI datacenters
- Carpenters ↗670k workers · 153 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIRA green-building tailwinds + housing-shortage demand + modular/prefab ongoing experimentation
- Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators ↗478k workers · 199 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSemi-autonomous construction equipment (Built Robotics Exosystem 2018/2021; Komatsu Smart Construction; Caterpillar MineStar Command)
- Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters ↗466k workers · 185 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIIJA infrastructure supercycle + EPA Lead Copper Rule 2024 + IRA heat-pump water heaters
- Painters, Construction and Maintenance ↗225k workers · 147 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPainting robots — Okibo wall-painting (2022+), Apellix industrial drone (2014+), PaintJet exterior (2020+)
- Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers ↗205k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRide-on power trowels, decorative concrete systems, and AI-assisted estimating (current era)
- Highway Maintenance Workers ↗152k workers · 241 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSmart work zones and Automated Flagger Assistance Devices (AFADs)
- Construction and Building Inspectors ↗137k workers · 159 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI plan review and inspection AI (CodeComply, CivCheck/Clariti, DroneDeploy Inspection AI, BetaQuick)
- Roofers ↗137k workers · 244 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI inspection and lead-generation tools (CompanyCam, EagleView Horizon, Roofr AI)
- Sheet Metal Workers ↗117k workers · 284 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBIM-to-fabrication automation (Stratus, Trimble AutoBid SheetMetal AI)
- Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers ↗83k workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic layout printers and autonomous finishing systems (Dusty Robotics, Canvas, Okibo)
- Structural Iron and Steel Workers ↗65k workers · 151 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBIM (Building Information Modeling) and field-tablet erection planning (Tekla, Trimble Connect)
- Helpers--Electricians ↗64k workers · 152 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted conduit calculators, field estimating apps, voice-to-text job logs
- Glaziers ↗57k workers · 254 yrs covered
Latest tool eraUnitized curtain wall + BIM coordination + engineered glass systems (integrated systems era)
- Brickmasons and Blockmasons ↗54k workers · 258 yrs covered
Latest tool eraSAM100 robotic bricklayer and augmented-reality layout tools (2015 to present)
- Hazardous Materials Removal Workers ↗51k workers · 61 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRemote-sensing drones, robotic sampling platforms, and PFAS remediation techniques (current era)
- Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators ↗46k workers · 167 yrs covered
Latest tool eraGPS machine control and intelligent compaction (digital precision era)
- Roustabouts, Oil and Gas ↗45k workers · 174 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic pipe handling, automated rig controls, AI monitoring (third wave of rig automation)
- Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas ↗44k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRemote monitoring, digital oilfield, and autonomous well intervention (SLB Neuro, Halliburton LOGIX)
- Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters ↗44k workers · 145 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPipe fusion, robotic prefabrication, and digital inspection tools (present-day)
- Tile and Stone Setters ↗39k workers · 159 yrs covered
Latest tool eraTile-laying robotics, heated floor systems, and silica safety technology
- Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall ↗39k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraInflation Reduction Act incentives, heat-pump integration, and smart-building retrofits
Repair & Maintenance→22 roles
- Maintenance and Repair Workers, General ↗1.5M workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-augmented diagnostics + smart building platforms
- Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics ↗705k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraBEV high-voltage service + AI-assisted diagnostics (IRA era)
- First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers ↗618k workers · 159 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-native CMMS: autonomous work order dispatch, AI PM builder, natural-language asset queries (UpKeep, Limble, IBM Maximo 9.1, OxMaint)
- Industrial Machinery Mechanics ↗440k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI predictive maintenance platforms + agentic PLC tools (Augury, Tractian, Siemens Eigen)
- Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers ↗410k workers · 132 yrs covered
Latest tool eraHeat pump electrification wave (IRA 2022) + R-410A AIM Act phasedown (2024)
- Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists ↗320k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-guided diagnostics + EV commercial vehicle service (Cummins Guidanz, Jaltest CV AR, Kenworth EV certification)
- Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines ↗180k workers · 195 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted telematics and predictive maintenance (VisionLink, My Komatsu, EquipmentShare T3, MaintainX)
- Automotive Body and Related Repairers ↗155k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraADAS calibration + AI-assisted estimating (CCC ONE, Mitchell, Tractable; asTech)
- Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers ↗154k workers · 156 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted diagnostics, dispatch, and field guidance (Nokia Agentic AI, Salesforce Agentforce)
- Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians ↗136k workers · 141 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI augmentation layer (AI borescope, predictive analytics, voice documentation, LLM manuals)
- Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers ↗124k workers · 190 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered drone inspection and autonomous asset monitoring (Buzz Solutions PowerAI, Skydio, Percepto)
- Tire Repairers and Changers ↗107k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted inspection apps and automated balancers (TireBuddy, Hunter WalkAway, SmartBay)
- Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers ↗98k workers · 190 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted fusion splicers, intelligent OTDR, and AI-dispatch (BEAD-era fiber buildout tools)
- Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers ↗98k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMobile-first CMMS + AI work order intelligence + AR overlays (MaintainX, UpKeep, Limble, Dozuki)
- Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers ↗82k workers · 176 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI video analytics and agentic alarm platforms (Ambient.ai Pulsar, Gopher Info, Alarm.com AI)
- Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers ↗73k workers · 134 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI predictive diagnostics and remote resolution (Diebold DN AllConnect, NCR Atleos Intelligent Diagnostics, Neuron7)
- Medical Equipment Repairers ↗61k workers · 92 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIoT predictive maintenance platforms + AI-assisted diagnostics (remote monitoring, OEM service portals, laptop-based service tools)
- Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment ↗60k workers · 93 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIoT-connected equipment, remote diagnostics, and AI-assisted fault detection (Industry 4.0 era)
- Maintenance Workers, Machinery ↗57k workers · 174 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIndustrial IoT and AI-driven predictive maintenance (IIoT/PdM era)
- Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door ↗47k workers · 146 yrs covered
Latest tool eraNext-generation AMI 2.0 + IIoT valve monitoring (grid modernization and infrastructure-hardening era)
- Millwrights ↗41k workers · 265 yrs covered
Latest tool eraVibration analysis sensors, digital twin platforms, industrial robotics installation (condition-monitoring era)
- Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians ↗37k workers · 114 yrs covered
Latest tool eraFully locked diagnostic ecosystems, right-to-repair conflict, AI-assisted fault diagnosis (present day)
Manufacturing→37 roles
- Team Assemblers ↗1.5M workers · 50 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCHIPS Act + IRA reshoring — EV gigafactories, semiconductor fabs, new demand for team assembly
- First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers ↗673k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCHIPS Act + IRA reshoring — new fab and battery plants, AI-assisted scheduling
- Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers ↗597k workers · 123 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-powered visual inspection platforms (Landing AI, Instrumental)
- Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers ↗416k workers · 153 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI arc tracking + orbital pipe robots + IIJA infrastructure demand (2021)
- Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders ↗379k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIoT predictive maintenance (Siemens MindSphere 2016) + AI vision quality control mainstream
- Machinists ↗300k workers · 236 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-CAM tools (CloudNC CAM Assist, Lambda Function, Mastercam Copilot, FANUC AI Servo Monitor)
- Bakers ↗232k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI mixing controls + vision inspection + demand-forecasting systems (AI augmentation era)
- Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers ↗195k workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCommercial folding robots and AI fabric-scanning systems (Dyna Robotics DYNA-1, 2025)
- Computer Numerically Controlled Tool Operators ↗177k workers · 76 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI CAM + lights-out cells (CloudNC CAM Assist, robot tending, digital twins)
- Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic ↗174k workers · 239 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic and cobot loading cells + IIoT monitoring (FANUC FIELD, Siemens SINUMERIK, Amada automation)
- Food Batchmakers ↗172k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-enabled MES, computer-vision QC, and predictive maintenance (current era)
- Helpers--Production Workers ↗167k workers · 219 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI machine vision and predictive maintenance (sensor-based condition monitoring)
- Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗160k workers · 110 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI machine-vision inspection + color matching (Cognex, Keyence, spectrophotometric formulation)
- Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic ↗155k workers · 185 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI closed-loop process control + machine vision quality inspection (ENGEL inject AI 2025, Sentinel Vision)
- Printing Press Operators ↗145k workers · 220 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI colour management and autonomous press control (Heidelberg Prinect AI, EFI Fiery Scribe, 2020s)
- Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers ↗141k workers · 209 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-vision-guided robotic cutting systems (SCOTT X-Ray, Meyn Physic, JBT Marel QC Scanner)
- Butchers and Meat Cutters ↗140k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI vision portioning + FoodReady HACCP software + artisan revival (dual-track era)
- Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic ↗130k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted monitoring, predictive maintenance, and cobot-tending cells
- Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders ↗127k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraIndustrial IoT, AI alarm management, and generative AI operator assistants (Industry 4.0 era)
- Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators ↗127k workers · 162 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-driven process control + digital twins (Veolia Hubgrade, Jacobs Intelligent O&M, Mantis.AI)
- Sewing Machine Operators ↗110k workers · 183 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic sewing cells + IoT production monitoring (SoftWear Sewbot, JUKI JaNets)
- Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗101k workers · 232 yrs covered
Latest tool eraMES, AI process optimization, and predictive maintenance (Rockwell Plex, Siemens, AspenTech)
- Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗97k workers · 160 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPredictive-maintenance AI + adaptive recipes + remote diagnostics
- Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters ↗80k workers · 334 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI design tools and generative renderings (Midjourney, Vizcom, AI-assisted quoting)
- Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic ↗70k workers · 160 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-guided robotic finishing cells (GrayMatter Scan&Grind, adaptive force control, 2020 onward)
- Slaughterers and Meat Packers ↗70k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 exposure crisis + robotic kill-floor R&D + USDA line-speed waivers
- Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic ↗66k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI vision inspection, predictive-maintenance analytics, and closed-loop AI process control
- Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing ↗63k workers · 184 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCAD/CAM integration, multi-axis CNC, and robotic finishing systems
- Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗57k workers · 130 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted quality vision systems and predictive-maintenance platforms (machine learning process monitoring)
- Tool and Die Makers ↗55k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraHybrid additive/subtractive manufacturing and AI-assisted CAM (metal 3D printing, generative toolpath optimization)
- Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗54k workers · 181 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-assisted process optimization, predictive analytics, and remote operations centers
- Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters ↗53k workers · 169 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic welding cells, AI-assisted detailing, and BIM-to-fabrication automation
- Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗48k workers · 179 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRobotic vision-guided cutting systems and AI-integrated quality control (current era)
- Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood ↗43k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraFull CNC sawing centers and laser scanning (contemporary era)
- Engine and Other Machine Assemblers ↗38k workers · 196 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCollaborative robots (cobots), 3D-printed tooling, and AI-guided precision assembly
- Print Binding and Finishing Workers ↗36k workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraDigital print-on-demand, automated inline finishing, and specialty post-press (2000s to present)
- Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders ↗36k workers · 146 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCobot welding cells and autonomous welding systems (Universal Robots 2008, cobot welders at FABTECH 2017)
Transportation→20 roles
- Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand ↗3.0M workers · 214 yrs covered
Latest tool eraNext-generation AI picking systems — Sparrow, Sequoia, Symbotic, vision robotics
- Stockers and Order Fillers ↗2.8M workers · 175 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-vision piece-picking + Symbotic at scale + BLS +8.5% projection to 2034
- Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers ↗2.1M workers · 138 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAurora + Kodiak — real commercial driverless freight on US highways
- Light Truck Drivers ↗983k workers · 127 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmazon Rivian electric delivery vans — the zero-emission fleet buildout
- Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators ↗774k workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-vision-guided autonomous forklifts + fleet telematics + operator-assist systems
- Packers and Packagers, Hand ↗560k workers · 149 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAmazon Sparrow (2022) + Symbotic case handling (Walmart) + vision-robotic piece picking
- Driver/Sales Workers ↗452k workers · 154 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI telematics and Physical AI coaching (Samsara Coach, fleet safety AI, 2022-present)
- Bus Drivers, School ↗403k workers · 166 yrs covered
Latest tool eraEPA Clean School Bus Program ($5B IRA) — electric bus transition begins
- Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment ↗374k workers · 120 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI-guided wash robotics + interior-cleaning gantry robots
- Shuttle Drivers and Chauffeurs ↗230k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAutonomous shuttle pilots in fixed-route geofences (Waymo, May Mobility, Zoox)
- Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity ↗159k workers · 206 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCOVID-19 ridership collapse + chronic driver shortage
- Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors ↗139k workers · 139 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI route optimization + computer-vision load scanning + autonomous prototypes
- Parking Attendants ↗135k workers · 129 yrs covered
Latest tool eraComputer-vision license-plate recognition + checkout-free parking (Metropolis, SKIDATA AI)
- Flight Attendants ↗130k workers · 104 yrs covered
Latest tool eraCrew tablets + AI cabin logistics (SITA CrewTab, aiOla speech, Airbus Smart Catering)
- Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers ↗99k workers · 117 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAI trajectory optimization + predictive maintenance (Thales FlytOptim, Honeywell Forge)
- Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants ↗98k workers · 127 yrs covered
Latest tool eraEV charging + electrification of the forecourt
- Commercial Pilots ↗52k workers · 126 yrs covered
Latest tool eraAdvanced automation suites + emerging reduced-crew certification (Honeywell Anthem, EASA eMCO research)
- Machine Feeders and Offbearers ↗47k workers · 244 yrs covered
Latest tool eraVision-guided robotics, collaborative robots (cobots), and AI-assisted material handling
- Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters ↗43k workers · 203 yrs covered
Latest tool eraPTC-integrated dispatching, AI inspection tools, and two-person crew regulatory floor
- Crane and Tower Operators ↗42k workers · 164 yrs covered
Latest tool eraRemote-cabin and AI-assisted crane operation (Liebherr remote cab, anti-sway automation)