# Advertising and Promotions Managers

US SOC code 11-2011. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-2011

Also called: Advertising manager, Promotions manager, Media director, Director of advertising, VP of advertising.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **21,470** US advertising and promotions managers, with median pay of **$133,660** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was **71,100**, in May 2003. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers) of **15,000** from 1910, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for advertising and promotions managers: Programmatic advertising + real-time bidding, 2009 to 2020.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to decline 3.7% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-2011&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **54.7%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Advertising and Promotions Managers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1869
- Latest US employment: 21,470 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [4]
- Latest US median pay: $133,660 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [7]
- Outlook: -3.7% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [20]

### All 27 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 15,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Association of National Advertisers [1] |
| 1920 | n/a | $2,500 (estimate) | Est., A Short History of Advertising [5] |
| 1930 | 30,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., History of advertising [2] |
| 1960 | 60,000 (estimate) | $9,000 (estimate) | Est., Golden Age of Advertising (employment) [3]; Est., ANA Educational Foundation (pay) [6] |
| 2003 | 71,100 | $60,350 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [4] |
| 2004 | 57,100 | $63,610 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [4] |
| 2005 | 41,710 | $68,860 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [4] |
| 2006 | 38,130 | $73,060 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [4] |
| 2007 | 36,300 | $78,250 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [4] |
| 2008 | 36,100 | $80,220 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [4] |
| 2009 | 35,760 | $82,370 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [4] |
| 2010 | 32,240 | $83,890 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [4] |
| 2011 | 30,710 | $87,650 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [4] |
| 2012 | 28,420 | $88,590 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [4] |
| 2013 | 28,530 | $93,880 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [4] |
| 2014 | 29,340 | $96,720 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [4] |
| 2015 | 29,340 | $95,890 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [4] |
| 2016 | 28,860 | $100,810 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [4] |
| 2017 | 28,100 | $106,130 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [4] |
| 2018 | 25,260 | $117,130 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [4] |
| 2019 | 25,100 | $125,510 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [4] |
| 2020 | 22,490 | $133,460 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [4] |
| 2021 | 22,520 | $127,150 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [4] |
| 2022 | 22,010 | $127,830 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [4] |
| 2023 | 20,630 | $131,870 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [4] |
| 2024 | 21,100 | $126,960 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [4] |
| 2025 | 21,470 | $133,660 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [4] |

## Sources (87)

### Employment series

1. [Association of National Advertisers — Wikipedia: founding in 1910 as "Association of National Advertising Managers" by 45 companies (organization scale reference)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers), Wikipedia / ANA
2. [History of advertising — Wikipedia (advertising volume 1920s, radio advertising emergence, industry professionalization)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_advertising), Wikipedia
3. [Golden Age of Advertising — Fiveable (postwar television boom and advertising agency expansion 1950s-1960s)](https://fiveable.me/intro-to-business/key-terms/golden-age-advertising), Fiveable
4. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Wage series

5. [A Short History of Advertising — A Wealth of Common Sense (advertising industry wages and salaries 1920s)](https://awealthofcommonsense.com/2020/02/a-short-history-of-advertising/), A Wealth of Common Sense
6. [ANA Educational Foundation — Brought To You By: Postwar Television (advertising profession and compensation context, 1950s-1960s)](https://aef.com/classroom-resources/book-excerpts/brought-postwar-television-advertising/), ANA Educational Foundation
7. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
8. [BLS OEWS May 2024, national cross-industry estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Tool eras

9. [The History of the Advertising Agency (Avenga / Clearcode) — N.W. Ayer and Son 1869 founding, full-service agency model](https://www.avenga.com/magazine/history-advertising-agency/), Clearcode / Avenga
10. [Smithsonian Institution — N.W. Ayer Advertising Agency Records (NMAH.AC.0059)](https://sova.si.edu/record/nmah.ac.0059), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
11. [Albert Lasker — Immigrant Entrepreneurship (Lord and Thomas, "reason why" advertising, 1904-1920s)](https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/albert-lasker/), Immigrant Entrepreneurship
12. [History of advertising — Wikipedia (radio advertising emergence 1922, soap opera sponsorship model)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_advertising), Wikipedia
13. [Golden Age of Advertising — Fiveable (television penetration 1955-1960s, agency expansion)](https://fiveable.me/intro-to-business/key-terms/golden-age-advertising), Fiveable
14. [ANA Educational Foundation — Brought To You By: Postwar Television (advertising profession postwar expansion)](https://aef.com/classroom-resources/book-excerpts/brought-postwar-television-advertising/), ANA Educational Foundation
15. [Digiday: How the Banner Ad Was Born (HotWired sells AT&T the first banner ad, October 1994)](https://digiday.com/marketing/how-the-banner-ad-was-born/), Digiday
16. [Programmatic advertising: Evolution, history and future (Novatiq — RTB 2009, DoubleClick Ad Exchange, programmatic adoption)](https://www.novatiq.com/the-evolution-of-programmatic-advertising-state-of-the-nation/), Novatiq
17. [Employment in marketing and advertising has fallen 14% in three years (Marketing Week, 2023)](https://www.marketingweek.com/employment-marketing-advertising-down-14-three-years/), Marketing Week
18. [Google — Performance Max: AI selects placements, audiences, creatives, and bids across all Google inventory from a single campaign](https://support.google.com/google-ads/answer/10724817), Google
19. [Adobe — GenStudio for Performance Marketing generally available October 2024: interprets briefs, produces on-brand assets for social, email, display, video](https://news.adobe.com/news/2024/10/101424-genstudio-for-performance-marketing), Adobe

### Forecasts and exposure studies

20. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 11-2011 Advertising and promotions managers (2025: 33.2 thousand; 2035: 31.9 thousand; -3.7%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-2011&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
21. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 11-2011.00, human-rated β 0.547)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

22. [Smithsonian Institution — N.W. Ayer Advertising Agency Records (NMAH.AC.0059)](https://sova.si.edu/record/nmah.ac.0059), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
23. [Albert Lasker — Immigrant Entrepreneurship (John Kennedy 1904 meeting, "reason why" doctrine)](https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/albert-lasker/), Immigrant Entrepreneurship
24. [Association of National Advertisers — Wikipedia: founded June 24, 1910, as "Association of National Advertising Managers" by 45 companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers), Wikipedia / ANA
25. [History of advertising — Wikipedia (DDB "Think Small" 1959, Creative Revolution)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_advertising), Wikipedia
26. [Digiday: How the Banner Ad Was Born (AT&T banner on HotWired, October 1994, 44 percent initial click-through, $30,000 placement)](https://digiday.com/marketing/how-the-banner-ad-was-born/), Digiday
27. [Programmatic advertising: Evolution, history and future (Novatiq — RTB 2009, first DSPs, programmatic adoption by 2013)](https://www.novatiq.com/the-evolution-of-programmatic-advertising-state-of-the-nation/), Novatiq
28. [FTC — 16 CFR Part 255: Guides Concerning Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising (revised 2023, eCFR current text)](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-255), Federal Trade Commission / eCFR

### Predecessors & successors

29. [History of advertising — Wikipedia (Volney Palmer space-broker model 1840s; N.W. Ayer full-service transition 1869)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_advertising), Wikipedia
30. [Association of National Advertisers — Wikipedia: founded as Association of National Advertising Managers, 1910](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_National_Advertisers), Wikipedia / ANA

### Present-day analysis

- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-23
- [O\*NET 30.3 — Advertising and Promotions Managers (11-2011.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-2011.00), accessed 2026-05-23
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Advertising, Promotions, and Marketing Managers (-4% outlook for Advertising/Promotions Managers, 2024-2034)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/advertising-promotions-and-marketing-managers.htm), accessed 2026-05-23
- [McKinsey — Reinventing marketing workflows with agentic AI (2025)](https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/growth-marketing-and-sales/our-insights/reinventing-marketing-workflows-with-agentic-ai), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Google — Performance Max: AI-powered campaign type across all Google inventory](https://support.google.com/google-ads/answer/10724817), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Meta — Advantage+ AI: automated targeting and creative optimization for Meta campaigns](https://about.fb.com/news/2022/08/introducing-new-automation-tools-to-increase-sales-and-drive-growth/), accessed 2026-06-21
- [The Trade Desk: The Trade Desk Launches Kokai, a New Media Buying Platform that Brings the Full Power of AI to Digital Marketing (press release, June 6, 2023): Kokai distributes deep learning across media buying, including predictive clearing, impression scoring, budget optimization and KPI scoring](https://www.thetradedesk.com/press-room/the-trade-desk-launches-kokai-a-new-media-buying-platform-that-brings-the-full-power-of-ai-to-digital-marketing), accessed 2026-10-08
- [FTC: Federal Trade Commission Announces Updated Advertising Guides to Combat Deceptive Reviews and Endorsements (press release, June 28, 2023): the FTC finalized revised Endorsement Guides, last revised in 2009, adding a definition of clear and conspicuous and addressing fake reviews, virtual influencers and social media tags](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2023/06/federal-trade-commission-announces-updated-advertising-guides-combat-deceptive-reviews-endorsements), accessed 2026-10-08
- [Persado — Motivation AI crossed $4.5B in incremental client revenue; JPMorgan Chase 5-year enterprise deal](https://www.persado.com/company/press-releases/jpmorgan-chase-announces-five-year-deal-with-persado-for-ai-powered-marketing-capabilities), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Marketing Dive: Harley-Davidson NYC uses AI to automate record-setting digital campaign (Oct 21, 2016): the dealer ran self-driving campaigns on the Albert AI platform; its first effort almost doubled the previous sales record, and after six months it credited 40 percent of its motorcycle sales to Albert](https://www.marketingdive.com/news/harley-davidson-nyc-uses-ai-to-automate-record-setting-digital-campaign/428773/), accessed 2026-10-08
- [Albert AI — Autonomous AI for digital advertising across Google, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Bing (2025)](https://albert.ai/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Smartly.io — AI-powered creative management, audience targeting, and campaign automation for social advertising (2025)](https://www.smartly.io/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Persado — Motivation AI crossed $4.5B in cumulative incremental client revenue (early 2025)](https://www.persado.com/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Phrasee — AI-powered brand language optimization for email, push notifications, and paid social (2025)](https://www.jacquard.com/), accessed 2026-05-23

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.