# Computer and Information Systems Managers

US SOC code 11-3021. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-3021

Also called: CIO, Chief information officer, CTO, Chief technology officer, IT director.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **670,570** US computer and information systems managers, with median pay of **$175,140** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/) of **250,000** from 1980, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for computer and information systems managers: Cloud-native + CISO board elevation + digital transformation mandate, 2015 to 2023.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 15.8% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-3021&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **56.1%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.035** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

### Since the 2013 prediction

In 2013, Frey and Osborne put this job's probability of computerisation at 0.035. BLS counted **319,080** of these jobs in May 2013 and **670,570** in May 2025 (+110%, a change derived by Future History).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Computer and Information Systems Managers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1962
- Latest US employment: 670,570 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [4]
- Latest US median pay: $175,140 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [14]
- Outlook: +15.8% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [39]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 20012)
  - Employment, 2020: 82,235. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [7]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 20012 Computer and information systems managers, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$117,000. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [18]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 20012 Computer and information systems managers, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 1137)
  - Employment, 2025: 60,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [10]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 1137 Information technology directors, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £90,081. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [21]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 1137 Information technology directors, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 1351)
  - Employment, 2025: 87,800. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [11]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 1351 ICT Managers, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$172,120. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [22]. Annualised (x52) from A$3,310 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 26 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1980 | 250,000 (estimate) | $32,000 (estimate) | Est., BLS [1] |
| 1990 | 350,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., BLS [2] |
| 2000 | 283,480 | $78,830 | BLS OEWS 2000 [3] |
| 2003 | 266,020 | $89,740 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [4] |
| 2004 | 267,390 | $92,570 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [4] |
| 2005 | 259,330 | $96,520 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [4] |
| 2006 | 251,210 | $101,580 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [4] |
| 2007 | 264,990 | $108,070 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [4] |
| 2008 | 276,820 | $112,210 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [4] |
| 2009 | 287,210 | $113,720 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [4] |
| 2010 | 288,660 | $115,780 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [4] |
| 2011 | 300,830 | $118,010 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [4] |
| 2012 | 309,740 | $120,950 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [4] |
| 2013 | 319,080 | $123,950 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [4] |
| 2014 | 330,360 | $127,640 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [4] |
| 2015 | 341,250 | $131,600 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [4] |
| 2016 | 352,510 | $135,800 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [4] |
| 2017 | 365,690 | $139,220 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [4] |
| 2018 | 391,430 | $142,530 | BLS OEWS May 2018 (employment) [4]; BLS OEWS May 2018 (pay) [15] |
| 2019 | 433,960 | $146,360 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [4] |
| 2020 | 457,290 | $151,150 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [4] |
| 2021 | 485,190 | $159,010 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [4] |
| 2022 | 533,220 | $164,070 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [4] |
| 2023 | 592,600 | $169,510 | BLS OEWS May 2023 (employment) [4]; BLS OEWS May 2023 (pay) [15] |
| 2024 | 645,970 | $171,200 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [4] |
| 2025 | 670,570 | $175,140 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [4] |

## Sources (110)

### Employment series

1. [BLS — Historical Statistics of the United States; Census 1980 occupational series "Managers: Computer and Data Processing" (precursor to SOC 11-3021); consistent with IBM System/360 installed base growth](https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/), Bureau of Labor Statistics
2. [BLS — CPS historical occupational series "Managers: Computer and Data Processing Services" (precursor to SOC 11-3021); estimate consistent with PC/LAN era expansion](https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
3. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
4. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
5. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
6. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
7. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
8. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1136, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
9. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1137, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
10. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1137, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
11. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

12. [BLS Historical Statistics — managerial salary series 1970s-1980s; AMA salary surveys; estimate for senior DP manager/MIS Director circa 1980 (~$30,000-$34,000 median nominal)](https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/), Bureau of Labor Statistics / AMA
13. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
14. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
15. [BLS OOH 2018-28 — Computer and Information Systems Managers: median annual wage $142,530 (May 2018 OEWS)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/computer-and-information-systems-managers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
16. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
17. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
18. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
19. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1136, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
20. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1137, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
21. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1137, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
22. [Jobs and Skills Australia: ICT Managers (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/1351-ict-managers), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

23. [Wikipedia — IBM System/360: announced April 7, 1964; first shipped April 1965; transformed business computing and created the professional IT management layer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360), Wikipedia
24. [Wikipedia — IBM 1401: announced October 1959; the most popular business computer of the early 1960s; installed in large numbers across US corporations and government agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1401), Wikipedia
25. [Wikipedia — Management information system: origins in the 1960s-1970s; IBM mainframe as the platform for the first business MIS deployments; MIS Director as an emerging C-suite adjacent role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system), Wikipedia
26. [Wikipedia — IBM System/370: announced June 1970; successor to System/360; virtual memory and time-sharing enabled the MIS era of IT management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/370), Wikipedia
27. [Wikipedia — IBM Personal Computer: announced August 12, 1981; created the enterprise PC estate that expanded IT management scope dramatically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer), Wikipedia
28. [Wikipedia — Cisco Systems: founded December 1984 by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner; multi-protocol router solved the heterogeneous corporate network management problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems), Wikipedia
29. [Wikipedia — NCSA Mosaic: released January 1993; the first widely used web browser; brought the World Wide Web to corporate desktops and created the internet-era CIO mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_%28web_browser%29), Wikipedia
30. [Wikipedia — SAP R/3: released 1992; first client-server ERP; made IT infrastructure a strategic business decision and elevated the IT director to business transformation lead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_R/3), Wikipedia
31. [Wikipedia — Site reliability engineering: founded at Google by Benjamin Treynor Sloss in 2003; applied software engineering to infrastructure operations; adopted by Airbnb, Dropbox, LinkedIn, Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering), Wikipedia
32. [Wikipedia — Amazon Web Services: S3 launched March 14, 2006; EC2 launched August 2006; consumption-based cloud computing transformed IT infrastructure management from capital expenditure to operating expenditure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services), Wikipedia
33. [Wikipedia — DevOps: first DevOpsDays conference organized by Patrick Debois in Ghent, Belgium, October 30-31, 2009; established the movement that restructured IT organizations and expanded VP Engineering roles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps), Wikipedia
34. [Wikipedia — Microsoft Azure: announced October 2008 as "Project Red Dog"; commercially launched as Windows Azure in February 2010; renamed Microsoft Azure March 25, 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure), Wikipedia
35. [Wikipedia — Kubernetes: open-sourced by Google in June 2014; Cloud Native Computing Foundation formed July 2015; became the standard container orchestration platform for cloud-native IT operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubernetes), Wikipedia
36. [McKinsey Global Institute — "The COVID-19 recovery will be digital" (July 2020): COVID compressed 5 years of digital transformation plans into 12 months, creating the largest IT management scaling test in history](https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/tech-and-ai/our-insights/the-covid-19-recovery-will-be-digital-a-plan-for-the-first-90-days), McKinsey Global Institute
37. [Reuters — "Walmart, Morgan Stanley among companies appointing Chief AI Officers" (2023-2024): Fortune 500 companies creating dedicated CAIO roles as AI governance becomes a board-level mandate](https://www.reuters.com/technology/companies-rush-name-chief-ai-officers-2024-01-18/), Reuters
38. [Microsoft 365 Blog — "Announcing Copilot for Microsoft 365 general availability and Microsoft 365 Chat" (September 21, 2023): confirmed general availability for enterprise customers on November 1, 2023; created the AI governance mandate for IT managers across enterprise deployments](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2023/09/21/announcing-microsoft-365-copilot-general-availability-and-microsoft-365-chat/), Microsoft

### Forecasts and exposure studies

39. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 11-3021 Computer and information systems managers (2025: 685.8 thousand; 2035: 793.9 thousand; +15.8%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-3021&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
40. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 11-3021 Computer and Information Systems Managers: probability 0.035, rank 118 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
41. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 11-3021.00, human-rated β 0.561)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

42. [Wikipedia — Chief information officer: origins in the US federal government and large corporations in the early 1960s as mainframe computing created the need for dedicated IT management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_information_officer), Wikipedia
43. [Wikipedia — Brooks Automation Act (Public Law 89-306, October 22, 1965): codified federal IT management as a formal government function; governed federal IT procurement until 1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Act), Wikipedia
44. [Wikipedia — Cisco Systems: founded December 1984 by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner; IPO February 16, 1990; became backbone of enterprise network infrastructure managed by IT directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco_Systems), Wikipedia
45. [Wikipedia — Clinger-Cohen Act (February 10, 1996): first US law explicitly mandating a CIO at each federal agency; codified IT management as a C-suite function in the US government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinger%E2%80%93Cohen_Act), Wikipedia
46. [Wikipedia — Year 2000 problem: global remediation effort 1997-1999; estimated $300-600B spent globally; established the CIO as a board-level risk presenter for the first time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem), Wikipedia
47. [Wikipedia — Amazon Web Services: S3 launched March 14, 2006; EC2 launched August 2006; transformed IT management from infrastructure ownership to cloud governance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services), Wikipedia
48. [Wikipedia — DevOps: first DevOpsDays conference organized by Patrick Debois in Ghent, Belgium, October 30-31, 2009; established the movement that reshaped IT organizational structures and expanded Engineering Director/VP Engineering roles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DevOps), Wikipedia
49. [Reuters — "Companies rush to name Chief AI Officers" (January 2024): Fortune 500 companies creating dedicated CAIO roles; Walmart, Morgan Stanley among early adopters](https://www.reuters.com/technology/companies-rush-name-chief-ai-officers-2024-01-18/), Reuters

### Predecessors & successors

50. [Wikipedia — Management information system: origins; systems programmers and mainframe operators as the predecessor population for the DP Manager role](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system), Wikipedia
51. [BLS OOH — Computer and Information Systems Managers: "Most computer and information systems managers have worked in a computer-related occupation and gained significant experience in that field before moving into management"](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/computer-and-information-systems-managers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Computer and Information Systems Managers (11-3021.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-3021.00), accessed 2026-05-23
- [BLS — Computer and Information Systems Managers OOH: 15% growth 2024-2034, $171,200 median wage, 55,600 annual openings](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/computer-and-information-systems-managers.htm), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Gartner 2026 CIO Agenda — 3,100 CIOs surveyed ($351B IT spend): 87% increasing AI budgets, 64% plan agentic AI deployment in 24 months, 94% expect major plan changes](https://www.gartner.com/en/articles/cio-agenda), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Logicalis 2026 Global CIO Report — 94% growing AI appetite, 76% cite unchecked AI as serious concern, 62% compromise on governance, 2/3 cannot scale AI beyond initial deployments](https://www.logicalis.com/insights/cio-report-2026-ai-investment-governance), accessed 2026-05-23
- [CIO.com — AI Hits the Boardroom: boards demand AI footprint map, multi-year governance roadmaps, trust metrics, and EU AI Act / NIST AI RMF alignment from CIOs in 2026](https://www.cio.com/article/4113214/ai-hits-the-boardroom-what-directors-will-demand-from-cios-in-2026.html), accessed 2026-05-23
- [CIO Dive — 5 CIO Predictions for AI in 2026: Forrester: 60% of Fortune 100 to appoint AI governance head; 25% data team headcount reduction among agentic-capable enterprises](https://www.ciodive.com/news/5-cio-predictions-for-ai-in-2026/807951/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-23
- [InformationWeek — AI, Automation, and IT Layoffs: app dev and QA most exposed; security, infrastructure, and CIO-layer roles show resilience (2025)](https://www.informationweek.com/it-staffing-careers/ai-automation-and-it-layoffs-impact-and-cio-guidance-for-managing-disruption), accessed 2026-05-23
- [ServiceNow Now Assist — ACV surpasses $600M (late 2025); EY deployment cuts resolution time up to 40%, generates 53 new knowledge-base articles saving 30 min each](https://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/article/finterra-2026-3-31-the-ai-control-tower-a-deep-dive-into-servicenows-now-genai-evolution-and-2026-outlook), accessed 2026-05-23
- [ServiceNow — Now Assist for IT Service Management: AI agents for incident triage, summarization, and resolution; Context Engine for AI governance across the platform](https://www.servicenow.com/products/itsm.html), accessed 2026-05-23
- [GitHub Copilot statistics 2026 — 4.7M paid subscribers (75% YoY), 90% of Fortune 100; Accenture: 55% faster task completion, 67% faster code review, 50% faster PR merges](https://www.getpanto.ai/blog/github-copilot-statistics), accessed 2026-05-23
- [GitHub Copilot ROI analysis for engineering leaders — positive ROI within 3-6 months; 11-week ramp-up; most enterprises report 10-11% baseline productivity gain (Worklytics 2025)](https://www.worklytics.co/blog/the-roi-of-github-copilot-for-your-organization-a-metrics-driven-analysis), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Atlassian — Agents in Jira (Rovo): AI agents accept Jira work assignments, iterate in comments, operate under existing permissions and audit trails; open beta February 2026](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260224033792/en/Atlassian-Introduces-Agents-in-Jira-to-Drive-Human-AI-Collaboration-at-Enterprise-Scale), accessed 2026-05-23

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.