# Lodging Managers

US SOC code 11-9081. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-9081

Also called: Hotel manager, Hotel general manager, Hotel GM, Inn manager, Resort manager.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **42,620** US lodging managers, with median pay of **$69,250** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2021, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hotels-and-hotel-industry) of **38,000** from 1900, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for lodging managers: Airbnb + short-term rental platforms competing for lodging demand, 2010 to 2023.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 3.8% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9081&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **38%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend.

## Lodging Managers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1790
- Latest US employment: 42,620 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [6]
- Latest US median pay: $69,250 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [12]
- Outlook: +3.8% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [31]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 60031)
  - Employment, 2020: 25,505. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [9]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 60031 Accommodation service managers, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$57,200. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [16]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 60031 Accommodation service managers, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.

### All 29 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 38,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Encyclopedia.com [1] |
| 1930 | 55,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Statler Foundation [2] |
| 1956 | n/a | $5,200 (estimate) | Est., FRASER / St. Louis Fed [10] |
| 1960 | 70,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., LODGING Magazine [3] |
| 1990 | 100,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook [4] |
| 2000 | 31,890 | $30,770 | BLS OEWS 2000 [5] |
| 2003 | 30,760 | $35,690 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [6] |
| 2004 | 30,860 | $37,660 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [6] |
| 2005 | 31,040 | $40,610 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [6] |
| 2006 | 31,300 | $42,320 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [6] |
| 2007 | 31,890 | $44,240 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [6] |
| 2008 | 32,460 | $45,800 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [6] |
| 2009 | 31,660 | $46,300 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [6] |
| 2010 | 29,920 | $46,880 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [6] |
| 2011 | 29,870 | $47,450 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [6] |
| 2012 | 29,730 | $46,810 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [6] |
| 2013 | 30,950 | $46,830 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [6] |
| 2014 | 31,740 | $47,680 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [6] |
| 2015 | 35,480 | $49,720 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [6] |
| 2016 | 35,410 | $51,840 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [6] |
| 2017 | 36,610 | $51,800 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [6] |
| 2018 | 37,050 | $53,390 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [6] |
| 2019 | 38,340 | $54,430 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [6] |
| 2020 | 31,790 | $56,670 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [6] |
| 2021 | 35,920 | $59,430 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [6] |
| 2022 | 39,870 | $61,910 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [6] |
| 2023 | 41,980 | $65,360 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [6] |
| 2024 | 41,350 | $68,130 | BLS OEWS May 2024 (employment) [6]; BLS OEWS May 2024 (pay) [13] |
| 2025 | 42,620 | $69,250 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [6] |

## Sources (96)

### Employment series

1. [Estimate derived from US hotel-industry history; context: Encyclopedia.com, "Hotels and Hotel Industry"](https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/hotels-and-hotel-industry), Encyclopedia.com
2. [Estimate derived from US hotel-industry history; context: Statler Foundation, Statler History](https://statlerfoundation.com/statler-history/), Statler Foundation
3. [Estimate derived from US lodging-industry history; context: LODGING Magazine, "How Kemmons Wilson Transformed Lodging"](https://lodgingmagazine.com/how-kemmons-wilson-transformed-lodging/), LODGING Magazine
4. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Lodging Managers (historical employment context, pre-2000 SOC era)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/lodging-managers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
5. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
6. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
7. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
8. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
9. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada

### Wage series

10. [FRASER / St. Louis Fed -- BLS Industry Wage Surveys, Hotels and Motels (1950s-1960s series available via FRASER archive)](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/industry-wage-survey-hotels-motels), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis / BLS
11. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
12. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
13. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Lodging Managers (median annual wage $68,130, May 2024)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/lodging-managers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
14. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
15. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
16. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada

### Tool eras

17. [Passion for the Past: Colonial Travel and Taverns (colonial tavern keeper licensing and operations)](http://passionforthepast.blogspot.com/2015/07/colonial-travel-taverns-pulse-of-18th.html), Passion for the Past
18. [JSTOR Daily -- "Why Americans Used to Hate Hotel Workers" (early hotel management history)](https://daily.jstor.org/why-americans-used-to-hate-hotel-workers/), JSTOR Daily
19. [Cornell Nolan School -- History: Founded 1922, the world's first four-year hospitality management degree program](https://sha.cornell.edu/about/history/), Cornell University Nolan School of Hotel Administration
20. [Statler Foundation -- Statler History (E. M. Statler systematized hotel operations and backed Cornell Hotel School founding)](https://statlerfoundation.com/statler-history/), Statler Foundation
21. [Hilton Hotels -- "The Acquisition of Statler Hotel Company: A Record-Breaking Deal" (1954 acquisition; reservation infrastructure history)](https://stories.hilton.com/hilton-history/the-acquisition-of-statler-hotel-company-a-recordbreaking-deal), Hilton Hotels
22. [Hotel Management -- "The Forever Evolving US Hotel Industry" (history of reservations and management systems)](https://www.hotelmanagement.net/150/forever-evolving-us-hotel-industry), Hotel Management Magazine
23. [Henry Ford Museum -- "Holiday Inns Announces a Nationwide Electronic Reservation System" (circa 1979; Holidex CRS history)](https://www.thehenryford.org/collections/explore/artifact/455755), The Henry Ford
24. [Hospitality Upgrade -- "Fidelio: From Opera House to Industry Dominance" (Fidelio and OPERA PMS history)](https://mag.hospitalityupgrade.com/articles/fidelio-from-opera-house-to-industry-dominance), Hospitality Upgrade Magazine
25. [Mastel Hospitality -- "Keeping the Perspective: The Evolution of Opera PMS and Oracle Hospitality"](https://mastelhospitality.com/news/evolution-opera-pms-oracle-hospitality/), Mastel Hospitality
26. [Harvard Business School Working Knowledge -- "The Airbnb Effect: Cheaper Rooms for Travelers, Less Revenue for Hotels" (OTA and platform competition context)](https://www.library.hbs.edu/working-knowledge/the-airbnb-effect-cheaper-rooms-for-travelers-less-revenue-for-hotels), Harvard Business School
27. [Hotel Tech Report -- "What is a Global Distribution System (GDS)? 2025 Guide for Hotels" (GDS and OTA history)](https://hoteltechreport.com/news/gds), Hotel Tech Report
28. [ScienceDirect -- "Revisiting Airbnb's disruption of hotels: Uneven impacts across markets, segments, and accommodation types" (2024)](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278431924003852), ScienceDirect / Journal of Hospitality Research
29. [Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly -- Algorithmic Pricing and Hotel Revenue Optimization: AI-RMS properties outperform manual peers 4-9% on RevPAR (2024)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19389655241226043), Cornell University / SAGE Publications
30. [Optii -- AI Housekeeping Scheduling Platform: 10-15% labor efficiency gains on adopting hotel portfolios (2025)](https://www.optii.com/), Optii

### Forecasts and exposure studies

31. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 11-9081 Lodging managers (2025: 54.8 thousand; 2035: 56.9 thousand; +3.8%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9081&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
32. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 11-9081.00, human-rated β 0.38)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

33. [Britannica -- "Hotel: History, Types, Characteristics, and Facts" (early American hotel history)](https://www.britannica.com/topic/hotel), Encyclopaedia Britannica
34. [American Hotel and Lodging Association -- Wikipedia (founding 1910 as American Hotel Protective Association at Palmer House, Chicago)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hotel_and_Lodging_Association), Wikipedia
35. [Cornell Nolan School of Hotel Administration -- History (founded 1922, first four-year hospitality degree program)](https://sha.cornell.edu/about/history/), Cornell University Nolan School
36. [Hilton -- "The Acquisition of Statler Hotel Company: A Record-Breaking Deal" ($111M, 1954, the largest real estate transaction of its time)](https://stories.hilton.com/hilton-history/the-acquisition-of-statler-hotel-company-a-recordbreaking-deal), Hilton Hotels
37. [Henry Ford Museum -- "Holiday Inns Announces a Nationwide Electronic Reservation System" (circa 1979; Holidex CRS history)](https://www.thehenryford.org/collections/explore/artifact/455755), The Henry Ford
38. [American Hotel and Lodging Association / Law360 -- "Huge Hotel Job Losses Reported Due to COVID-19" (70% of employees laid off or furloughed, 2020)](https://www.law360.com/articles/1256131/huge-hotel-job-losses-reported-due-to-covid-19), Law360 / American Hotel and Lodging Association

### Predecessors & successors

39. [Passion for the Past: Colonial Travel and Taverns (colonial tavern keeper licensing and role)](http://passionforthepast.blogspot.com/2015/07/colonial-travel-taverns-pulse-of-18th.html), Passion for the Past
40. [Cornell Nolan School -- History: Founded 1922 as first four-year hospitality management program; produced GM pipeline for US hotel industry](https://sha.cornell.edu/about/history/), Cornell University Nolan School

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Lodging Managers (11-9081.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9081.00), accessed 2026-05-24
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Lodging Managers (2024-2034)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/lodging-managers.htm), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Skift — 3 AI-Driven Insights for Hospitality Revenue Management Success in 2025](https://skift.com/2024/11/22/3-ai-driven-insights-for-hospitality-revenue-management-success-in-2025/), accessed 2026-06-21
- [Cornell Hotel & Restaurant Administration Quarterly — Algorithmic Pricing and Hotel Revenue Optimization (2024)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/19389655241226043), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Hotel Management — AI Tools Every Hotel GM Needs in 2025 (March 2025)](https://www.hotelmanagement.net/operate/ai-tools-hotel-gm-needs-2025), accessed 2026-05-24
- [PhocusWire — Hospitality AI: What Hotel GMs Are Actually Deploying (Jan 2026)](https://www.phocuswire.com/hospitality-ai-hotel-gm-deployment-2026), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Canary Technologies — Navigating AI: Hospitality Shifts From Exploration to Execution (AI hospitality research report, 2025)](https://resources.canarytechnologies.com/ai-hospitality-research.html), accessed 2026-06-21
- [STR Global — Hotel Industry AI Adoption Report (2025)](https://str.com/press-release/ai-adoption-report-2025), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Hospitality Net — AI in the Lodging Industry: From Pilot to Production (2025)](https://www.hospitalitynet.org/opinion/4125601.html), accessed 2026-05-24
- [IDeaS — G3 Revenue Management System: continuous AI pricing for Marriott, Hilton, and IHG-flagged properties worldwide (2025)](https://www.ideas.com/products/g3-revenue-management-system/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Mews — Property Management System with AI features: AI inbox, room-assignment optimization, automated night audit, channel management (2025)](https://www.mews.com/en/property-management-system), accessed 2026-06-21
- [Sojern — Hotel Advertising Software and Marketing Agency Services: Google Hotel Ads automation, programmatic display, meta-search optimization (2025)](https://www.sojern.com/segments/hotels), accessed 2026-06-21

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.