# Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers

US SOC code 11-9141. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-9141

Also called: Property manager, Real estate manager, Community association manager, HOA manager, Condo manager.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **311,180** US property, real estate, and community association managers, with median pay of **$69,990** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www.mckissock.com/blog/real-estate/real-estate-career/urbanization-real-estate-trends-brief-history/) of **30,000** from 1900, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era in this work: Algorithmic rent pricing, 2012 to 2022. Algorithmic pricing eliminated a distinct administrative specialty at larger firms: the revenue management analyst who previously spent days each week on manual pricing analysis.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 3.7% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9141&ioType=o).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1860
- Latest US employment: 311,180 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [6]
- Latest US median pay: $69,990 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [17]
- Outlook: +3.7% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [40]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 13101)
  - Employment, 2020: 39,720. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [9]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 13101 Property administrators, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$55,200. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [21]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 13101 Property administrators, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 1251)
  - Employment, 2025: 118,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [11]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 1251 Property, housing and estate managers, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £41,115. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [23]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 1251 Property, housing and estate managers, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 6121)
  - Employment, 2025: 106,500. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [12]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 6121 Real Estate Sales Agents, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$78,208. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [24]. Annualised (x52) from A$1,504 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 30 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 30,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., McKissock Learning [1] |
| 1933 | 60,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Institute of Real Estate Management [2] |
| 1960 | 120,000 (estimate) | $5,200 (estimate) | Est., Associa (employment) [3]; Est., University of Missouri Libraries (pay) [13] |
| 1980 | 220,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Community Associations Institute [4] |
| 1990 | n/a | $21,800 | BLS CPS 1990 [14] |
| 1999 | n/a | $36,235 | Census 2000 [15] |
| 2000 | 145,340 | $36,020 | BLS OEWS 2000 [5] |
| 2003 | 156,120 | $38,400 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [6] |
| 2004 | 159,980 | $39,980 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [6] |
| 2005 | 154,230 | $41,900 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [6] |
| 2006 | 156,880 | $43,070 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [6] |
| 2007 | 159,660 | $43,670 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [6] |
| 2008 | 159,700 | $46,130 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [6] |
| 2009 | 150,850 | $48,460 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [6] |
| 2010 | 147,110 | $51,480 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [6] |
| 2011 | 152,380 | $52,510 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [6] |
| 2012 | 159,570 | $52,610 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [6] |
| 2013 | 165,960 | $53,200 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [6] |
| 2014 | 171,140 | $54,270 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [6] |
| 2015 | 174,410 | $55,380 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [6] |
| 2016 | 180,290 | $57,040 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [6] |
| 2017 | 186,720 | $58,670 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [6] |
| 2018 | 202,550 | $58,340 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [6] |
| 2019 | 220,750 | $58,760 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [6] |
| 2020 | 219,800 | $59,660 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [6] |
| 2021 | 234,680 | $59,230 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [6] |
| 2022 | 261,120 | $60,670 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [6] |
| 2023 | 284,120 | $62,850 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [6] |
| 2024 | 296,640 | $66,700 | BLS OEWS May 2024 (employment) [6]; BLS OEWS May 2024 (pay) [18] |
| 2025 | 311,180 | $69,990 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [6] |

## Sources (118)

### Employment series

1. [McKissock Learning — "Urbanization and Real Estate Trends: A Brief History" (early 20th-century professionalization context)](https://www.mckissock.com/blog/real-estate/real-estate-career/urbanization-real-estate-trends-brief-history/), McKissock Learning
2. [Institute of Real Estate Management — IREM History (founding 1933; CPM first awarded 1938)](https://www.irem.org/about-irem), Institute of Real Estate Management
3. [Associa — "A Complete History of HOAs" (post-WWII housing boom and community association growth context)](https://hub.associaonline.com/blog/a-complete-history-of-hoas), Associa
4. [Community Associations Institute — CAI History (1973 founding; growth of planned community management)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Associations_Institute), Community Associations Institute / Wikipedia
5. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
6. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
7. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
8. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
9. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
10. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1231, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip)
11. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1251, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
12. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

13. [University of Missouri Libraries — "Prices and Wages by Decade: 1960-1969" (BLS historical bulletin reference for management wages)](https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1960-1969), University of Missouri Libraries / BLS historical sources
14. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1992-93: median earnings of all property and real estate managers were $21,800 a year in 1990; the middle 50 percent earned between $14,600 and $33,600.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/occupational-outlook-handbook-3964/occupational-outlook-handbook-1992-93-edition-583133/fulltext), BLS-CPS
15. [U.S. Census 2000, Earnings by Detailed Occupation (Table 2): Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers, year-round full-time median earnings $36,235 for 1999.](https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/2000/earnings-occupation/call2usboth.csv), CENSUS
16. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
17. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
18. [BLS OOH — Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers: Pay section (median annual wage $66,700, May 2024)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/property-real-estate-and-community-association-managers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
19. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
20. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
21. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
22. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1231, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip)
23. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 1251, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
24. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Real Estate Sales Agents (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/6121-real-estate-sales-agents), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

25. [NARPM — History of Residential Property Management (emergence of the profession before formal certification)](https://www.narpm.org/about/history/), National Association of Residential Property Managers
26. [Institute of Real Estate Management — About IREM (founding 1933 to address the management crisis of the Depression)](https://www.irem.org/about-irem), Institute of Real Estate Management
27. [IREM — Certified Property Manager (CPM) credential history (first awarded 1938)](https://www.irem.org/certifications/for-individuals/cpm-certified-property-manager), Institute of Real Estate Management
28. [IREM — AMO Accredited Management Organization (first awarded 1945)](https://www.irem.org/certifications/for-companies/amo-accredited-management-organization/75-anniversary), Institute of Real Estate Management
29. [Community Associations Institute — Wikipedia overview (founding 1973; HOA growth from 500 in 1962 to 10,000 by 1970)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Associations_Institute), Wikipedia / Community Associations Institute
30. [Isaacson Law — "A Journey Through Time: The History of HOAs and the First Homeowners Association" (FHA 1963, condominium acts, HOA growth arc)](https://isaacsonlawlv.com/a-journey-through-time-the-history-of-hoas-and-the-first-homeowners-association/), Isaacson Law
31. [Yardi Systems — History (founded 1984 in Santa Barbara; started as DOS-based property accounting software)](https://www.yardi.com/suite/voyager-suite/), Yardi Systems
32. [HUD — Fair Housing Act Overview (1968 enactment; 1988 amendments adding disability and familial status)](https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/fair_housing_act_overview), US Department of Housing and Urban Development
33. [Rentec Direct — "The Fair Housing Act: Anti-Discrimination Laws for Landlords and Property Managers"](https://www.rentecdirect.com/blog/the-fair-housing-act-laws-for-landlords/), Rentec Direct
34. [The Thesis Driven — "The Future of the Property Management System" (cloud-platform history: Buildium 2004, AppFolio 2006)](https://www.thesisdriven.com/letters/the-future-of-the-property-management/), The Thesis Driven
35. [AppFolio — Realm-X AI Property Management Assistant (product context, 2006 founding reference)](https://www.appfolio.com/ai), AppFolio
36. [CourtListener — United States of America v. RealPage, Inc., 1:24-cv-00710 (D.D.C.), complaint filed August 23, 2024 (DOJ antitrust case against RealPage algorithmic pricing)](https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69074245/united-states-of-america-v-realpage-inc/), CourtListener / PACER
37. [RealPage — AI Revenue Management product page (successor to YieldStar; 2025)](https://www.realpage.com/insights-analytics/revenue-management/), RealPage
38. [NMHC — 2025 State of AI in Multifamily Report (63% adoption of AI leasing assistants; industry AI deployment landscape)](https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/research-report/2025-nmhc-ai-in-multifamily-report/), National Multifamily Housing Council
39. [Meet Elise — AI Leasing Assistant for Multifamily (2025)](https://helloelise.com/), Meet Elise

### Forecasts and exposure studies

40. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 11-9141 Property, real estate, and community association managers (2025: 460.4 thousand; 2035: 477.6 thousand; +3.7%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9141&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Historical notes

41. [Institute of Real Estate Management — IREM History (founding 1933-1934)](https://www.irem.org/about-irem), Institute of Real Estate Management
42. [IREM — CPM Certified Property Manager credential history (first awarded 1938)](https://www.irem.org/certifications/for-individuals/cpm-certified-property-manager), Institute of Real Estate Management
43. [Spectrum AM — "A History of HOAs: Evolution of HOAs in the Nineteenth Century" (FHA 1963; condominium law timeline)](https://spectrumam.com/a-history-of-hoas/), Spectrum AM
44. [HUD — Fair Housing Act Overview (1968 enactment; 1988 amendments)](https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/fair_housing_act_overview), US Department of Housing and Urban Development
45. [Community Associations Institute — CAI History (founded 1973)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Associations_Institute), Wikipedia / Community Associations Institute
46. [NARPM — History of the National Association of Residential Property Managers (founded 1987 in Dallas)](https://www.narpm.org/about/history/), National Association of Residential Property Managers
47. [CourtListener — United States of America v. RealPage, Inc., 1:24-cv-00710 (D.D.C.), complaint filed August 23, 2024 (DOJ antitrust case against RealPage algorithmic pricing)](https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69074245/united-states-of-america-v-realpage-inc/), CourtListener / PACER

### Predecessors & successors

48. [NARPM — History (real estate sales agents who added management services as a side practice, pre-1987)](https://www.narpm.org/about/history/), National Association of Residential Property Managers
49. [LRM Miami — "Discover the Fascinating History of Property Management" (caretaker-manager as predecessor role)](https://lrmmiami.com/blog/history-of-property-management), LRM Miami
50. [BLS OOH — Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers: Similar Occupations (real estate brokers and agents listed)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/property-real-estate-and-community-association-managers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers (11-9141.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9141.00), accessed 2026-05-24
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers (2024–2034)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/property-real-estate-and-community-association-managers.htm), accessed 2026-05-24
- [NMHC — 2025 State of AI in Multifamily Report](https://www.nmhc.org/research-insight/research-report/2025-nmhc-ai-in-multifamily-report/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [DOJ — Complaint against RealPage algorithmic rent pricing (Aug 2024)](https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-realpage-illegal-scheme-suppress-competition-rental-housing), accessed 2026-05-24
- [AppFolio — Realm-X AI Property Management Assistant (2024)](https://www.appfolio.com/ai/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [CAI — AI in Community Association Management White Paper (2025)](https://www.caionline.org/Pages/AI-Community-Association-Management.aspx), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Inman News — AI is upending property management (Jan 2026)](https://www.inman.com/2026/01/ai-property-management-leasing-maintenance/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Bisnow — RealPage antitrust aftermath: what property managers should know (Feb 2025)](https://www.bisnow.com/national/news/multifamily/realpage-antitrust-aftermath-property-managers-ai-pricing-risk-126042), accessed 2026-05-24
- [ILO — Generative AI and Jobs: A global analysis of potential effects on job quantity and quality (2023)](https://www.ilo.org/publications/generative-ai-and-jobs-global-analysis-potential-effects-job-quantity-and), accessed 2026-06-21
- [Meet Elise — AI Leasing Assistant for Multifamily (2025)](https://helloelise.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Funnel Leasing — AI-Powered Leasing Platform (2025)](https://funnelleasing.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [RealPage — AI Revenue Management Solutions for Apartments (2025)](https://www.realpage.com/insights-analytics/revenue-management/), accessed 2026-06-21

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.