# Social and Community Service Managers

US SOC code 11-9151. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-9151

Also called: Community service manager, Nonprofit program manager, Human services program manager, Social services director, Community outreach manager.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **209,330** US social and community service managers, with median pay of **$80,390** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/american-social-policy-in-the-great-depression-and-wwii/) of **30,000** from 1930, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for social and community service managers: Cloud-based case management + Salesforce Nonprofit Cloud + outcomes dashboards, 2010 to 2022. Cloud case management systems produced measurable productivity gains in reporting and compliance documentation, allowing smaller management teams to run larger program portfolios.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 7.2% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9151&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **44.6%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Social and Community Service Managers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1877
- Latest US employment: 209,330 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [6]
- Latest US median pay: $80,390 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [10]
- Outlook: +7.2% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [25]

### All 29 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1930 | 30,000 (estimate) | $1,800 (estimate) | Est., Social Welfare History Project (employment) [1]; Est., University of Michigan School of Social… (pay) [7] |
| 1950 | 45,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., NASW History [2] |
| 1965 | n/a | $8,500 (estimate) | Est., Social Welfare History Project [8] |
| 1970 | 80,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Great Society [3] |
| 1990 | 120,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Simmons University School of Social Work [4] |
| 2000 | 93,460 | $39,130 | BLS OEWS 2000 [5] |
| 2003 | 116,020 | $45,450 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [6] |
| 2004 | 119,280 | $46,810 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [6] |
| 2005 | 112,910 | $49,500 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [6] |
| 2006 | 112,360 | $52,070 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [6] |
| 2007 | 112,330 | $54,530 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [6] |
| 2008 | 117,150 | $55,980 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [6] |
| 2009 | 113,760 | $56,600 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [6] |
| 2010 | 116,480 | $57,950 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [6] |
| 2011 | 115,550 | $58,660 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [6] |
| 2012 | 115,360 | $59,970 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [6] |
| 2013 | 115,330 | $61,160 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [6] |
| 2014 | 116,670 | $62,740 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [6] |
| 2015 | 119,770 | $63,530 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [6] |
| 2016 | 126,230 | $64,680 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [6] |
| 2017 | 141,830 | $64,100 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [6] |
| 2018 | 149,870 | $65,320 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [6] |
| 2019 | 156,460 | $67,150 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [6] |
| 2020 | 155,800 | $69,600 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [6] |
| 2021 | 156,400 | $74,000 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [6] |
| 2022 | 162,880 | $74,240 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [6] |
| 2023 | 173,650 | $77,030 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [6] |
| 2024 | 195,490 | $78,240 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [6] |
| 2025 | 209,330 | $80,390 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [6] |

## Sources (97)

### Employment series

1. [Social Welfare History Project -- Great Depression: American Social Policy (New Deal social work expansion: ~30,000 social workers pre-Depression, doubled to ~60,000 by 1939)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/great-depression/american-social-policy-in-the-great-depression-and-wwii/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
2. [NASW History -- NASW founded October 1955 with 18,000 members from 7 predecessor organizations; broader social work profession estimated at 75,000-80,000 by mid-decade](https://www.naswfoundation.org/Our-Work/The-NASW-Legacy-Project/NASW-History), NASW Foundation
3. [Great Society -- Wikipedia (1964 Economic Opportunity Act: OEO, Community Action Programs; Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963: 750+ centers)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society), Wikipedia
4. [Evolution of Social Work Historical Milestones (Simmons University) -- nonprofit contracting expansion, devolution of federal programs to state and nonprofit providers in the 1980s](https://online.simmons.edu/blog/evolution-social-work-historical-milestones/), Simmons University School of Social Work
5. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
6. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Wage series

7. [University of Michigan School of Social Work -- "From Charitable Volunteers to Architects of Social Welfare: A Brief History of Social Work" (professional social work compensation context, settlement house era)](https://ssw.umich.edu/about/history/brief-history-of-social-work), University of Michigan School of Social Work
8. [Social Welfare History Project -- "American Social Policy in the 1960s and 1970s" (War on Poverty, Community Action Programs, OEO program director roles and compensation context)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/war-on-poverty/american-social-policy-in-the-60s-and-70s/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
9. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
10. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
11. [BLS OEWS May 2024, national cross-industry estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Tool eras

12. [Social Welfare History Project -- Charity Organization Societies: 1877-1893 (scientific methods, case records, paid agent role)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/charity-organization-societies-1877-1893/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
13. [Charity Organisation Society -- Wikipedia (London 1869 origin, American adoption, case record methodology)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Organisation_Society), Wikipedia
14. [Social Security Act of 1935 -- National Archives (federal reporting requirements, state-federal administrative structure)](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/social-security-act), National Archives and Records Administration
15. [Social Welfare History Project -- Origins of State and Federal Public Welfare Programs (1932-1935) (administrative expansion under Social Security Act)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/public-welfare/origins-of-the-state-federal-public-welfare-programs/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
16. [Community Mental Health Act -- Wikipedia (1963 Act, 750+ centers, federal reporting requirements for center program data)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act), Wikipedia
17. [Great Society -- Wikipedia (Title XX Social Services block grant, Community Development Block Grant, program reporting requirements)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society), Wikipedia
18. [Growth of the Nonprofit Sector: More Charities, Better Solutions (Philanthropy Roundtable) -- nonprofit sector growth statistics, organizational counts, and management capacity development through the 1990s-2000s](https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/resource/growth-of-the-nonprofit-sector-more-charities-better-solutions/), Philanthropy Roundtable
19. [BLS Monthly Labor Review -- "Nonprofits: a look at national trends in establishment size and employment" (nonprofit sector growth 2000-2023, management capacity trends)](https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2024/article/nonprofits-a-look-at-national-trends-in-establishment-size-and-employment.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
20. [Casebook PBC -- AI-enhanced case management for social workers and human services organizations; auto-populated case notes, caseload analytics, referral-matching; deployed at state child welfare agencies (Social Work Today, Feb 2025)](https://www.casebook.net/), Casebook PBC
21. [Tableau Pulse (Salesforce, GA 2024) -- AI-powered analytics for nonprofit program performance; surfaced through Salesforce Nonprofit Cloud; auto-generated metric summaries and trend alerts for program managers](https://www.tableau.com/products/tableau-pulse), Salesforce / Tableau
22. [Instrumentl -- AI grant management platform; 5,500+ nonprofits; 450,000+ funder profiles; 75% time saved per application; AI prospecting, drafting, and milestone auto-generation (product documentation, 2025)](https://www.instrumentl.com/), Instrumentl
23. [Stanford Social Innovation Review -- "AI for Social Good" (Dhaliwal and Hou, 2025): AI augmentation in grant writing, donor research, and outcome analytics; AI governance responsibilities for community service managers](https://ssir.org/), Stanford Social Innovation Review
24. [DonorSearch AI -- donor prospect research platform; 13,000+ nonprofits; AI prioritization intelligence, Most Likely to Respond score, custom organizational models, real-time capacity screening (product documentation, 2025)](https://www.donorsearch.net/), DonorSearch

### Forecasts and exposure studies

25. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 11-9151 Social and community service managers (2025: 231.0 thousand; 2035: 247.7 thousand; +7.2%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9151&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
26. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 11-9151.00, human-rated β 0.446)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

27. [Social Welfare History Project -- Charity Organization Societies: 1877-1893](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/charity-organization-societies-1877-1893/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
28. [Hull House -- Social Welfare History Project (1889 founding, organizational expansion, Julia Lathrop day-to-day management role)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/settlement-houses/hull-house/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
29. [University of Michigan School of Social Work -- "From Charitable Volunteers to Architects of Social Welfare: A Brief History of Social Work" (Columbia 1898 first social work training, CSWE 1952 accreditation establishment)](https://ssw.umich.edu/about/history/brief-history-of-social-work), University of Michigan School of Social Work
30. [Social Security Act (1935) -- National Archives (federal-state welfare administration framework, professional social worker staffing requirements)](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/social-security-act), National Archives and Records Administration
31. [Great Society -- Wikipedia (Economic Opportunity Act 1964, Community Action Programs, maximum feasible participation, 750+ community mental health centers)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society), Wikipedia
32. [Evolution of Social Work Historical Milestones (Simmons University) -- Reagan devolution, block grants, contracting revolution, nonprofit sector expansion through the 1980s-1990s](https://online.simmons.edu/blog/evolution-social-work-historical-milestones/), Simmons University School of Social Work
33. [Growth of the Nonprofit Sector: More Charities, Better Solutions (Philanthropy Roundtable) -- 85% growth in 501(c)(3) organizations 2000-2023; welfare reform acceleration of contracting](https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/resource/growth-of-the-nonprofit-sector-more-charities-better-solutions/), Philanthropy Roundtable
34. [ACA: Impacts on Health, Access, and Employment (PMC/NCBI) -- ACA Medicaid expansion behavioral health coverage, SUD and mental health treatment demand, navigator program employment](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6097713/), PMC / National Institutes of Health

### Predecessors & successors

35. [Social Welfare History Project -- Charity Organization Societies: 1877-1893 (paid agents as first professional social service administrators)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/civil-war-reconstruction/charity-organization-societies-1877-1893/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
36. [Hull House -- Social Welfare History Project (Jane Addams as head resident managing multi-program community agency)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/settlement-houses/hull-house/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
37. [Social Security Act of 1935 -- National Archives (creation of state-local public welfare administration infrastructure)](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/social-security-act), National Archives and Records Administration
38. [O\*NET 11-9151.00 -- Social and Community Service Managers: typical entry path through direct social work practice with 5+ years experience before management promotion](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9151.00), O\*NET / BLS
39. [Great Society -- Wikipedia (1964 Economic Opportunity Act: Community Action Programs funded directly at local nonprofit level, creating need for community program directors)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Society), Wikipedia

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Social and Community Service Managers (11-9151.00): 16 tasks, 29 work activities, median wage $78,240, 219,800 employed 2024, +5-6% projected growth 2024-2034](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9151.00), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science): occupational LLM exposure framework; management SOCs with administrative writing exposure show moderate β-scores; community relationship and coalition tasks remain defensible](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Instrumentl — AI grant management platform; 5,500+ nonprofits; 450,000+ funder profiles; 75% time saved per application; AI prospecting, drafting, and milestone auto-generation (product documentation, 2025)](https://www.instrumentl.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Grantable — AI grant writing with persistent organizational memory; 130,000+ foundation database; RFP requirement extraction; pipeline management; eliminates re-explanation of mission context per application](https://grantable.co/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [DonorSearch AI — donor prospect research platform; 13,000+ nonprofits; AI prioritization intelligence, Most Likely to Respond score, custom organizational models, real-time capacity screening, CRM integration](https://www.donorsearch.net/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [iWave by Kindsight — donor prospect research; 1.5B people records, 228M+ charitable gift records; 100+ predictive scoring models; dynamic capacity alerts; automated database enrichment and CRM sync](https://kindsight.io/iwave/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Fundraise Up — AI fundraising platform; AI ask-amount optimization (70% of Salvation Army UK gifts use AI ask amounts); automated donor upgrade prompts; 100+ real-time datapoints synced to Salesforce and CRM systems (product documentation, 2025)](https://fundraiseup.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Microsoft Power BI Copilot (GA November 2023) — conversational AI for program outcome dashboards; natural language queries return auto-generated charts, narratives, and anomaly flags; deployed at nonprofits via M365 licensing](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/power-bi/create-reports/copilot-introduction), accessed 2026-06-22
- [Tableau Pulse (Salesforce, GA 2024) — AI-powered analytics for nonprofit program performance monitoring; surfaced through Salesforce Nonprofit Cloud; auto-generated metric summaries and trend alerts for program managers](https://www.tableau.com/products/tableau-pulse), accessed 2026-05-24
- [VolunteerHub — volunteer management platform; automated scheduling, communication, and shift reminders; organizations report 15 hours/week saved on volunteer coordination admin (product documentation, 2025)](https://volunteerhub.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Galaxy Digital (Get Connected) — volunteer management and community engagement platform; automated notifications, bulk text/email, smart check-in kiosk, event attendance workflow automation for community service organizations](https://www.galaxydigital.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Casebook PBC — AI-enhanced case management for social workers and human services organizations; auto-populated case notes, caseload analytics, referral-matching; deployed at state child welfare agencies and community programs (Social Work Today, Feb 2025)](https://www.casebook.net/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [ImpactMapper — social impact tracking and reporting platform; financial, quantitative, and text analysis; custom survey management; automated impact report generation for nonprofits and social sector organizations](https://www.impactmapper.com/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Stanford Social Innovation Review — "AI for Social Good" (Dhaliwal & Hou, 2025): advocates rigorous impact evaluation of AI in social sector; flags bias risk in predictive AI for child welfare, homelessness, and benefits eligibility screening](https://ssir.org/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Microsoft 365 Copilot (GA November 2023) — AI writing and summarization in Word, Outlook, Excel, and Teams; widely deployed in nonprofit sector under Microsoft nonprofit licensing discount program](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/business/copilot-for-microsoft-365), accessed 2026-06-22

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.