# Management Analysts

US SOC code 13-1111. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-1111

Also called: Management consultant, Strategy consultant, Business analyst, Operations consultant, Consultant.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **898,280** US management analysts, with median pay of **$101,860** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www.stevens.edu/news/frederick-winslow-taylor-scientific-management) of **2,000** from 1910, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for management analysts: Internet research, knowledge management systems, and big data analytics, 2000 to 2020.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 10.1% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-1111&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **50%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **35%** of work tasks in business and financial operations occupations, this job's group, are exposed to automation by AI. Not a forecast of job losses. [Goldman Sachs, 2023](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.pdf)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Management Analysts employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1886
- Latest US employment: 898,280 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [6]
- Latest US median pay: $101,860 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [18]
- Outlook: +10.1% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [38]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 11201)
  - Employment, 2020: 97,645. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [9]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 11201 Professional occupations in business management consulting, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$85,000. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [22]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 11201 Professional occupations in business management consulting, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 2431)
  - Employment, 2025: 241,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [12]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 2431 Management consultants and business analysts, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £51,729. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [25]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 2431 Management consultants and business analysts, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 2247)
  - Employment, 2025: 102,500. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [13]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 2247 Management and Organisation Analysts, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$127,088. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [26]. Annualised (x52) from A$2,444 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 30 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1910 | 2,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Stevens Institute of Technology [1] |
| 1940 | 12,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., McKenna, Christopher D [2] |
| 1967 | 50,000 (estimate) | $15,000 (estimate) | Est., Consulting Quest (employment) [3]; Est., Recruiting Blogs (pay) [14] |
| 1990 | 200,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., FRED / BLS Current Employment Statistics [4] |
| 1997 | n/a | $52,110 (average) | BLS OEWS 1997 [15] |
| 1999 | n/a | $58,337 | Census 2000 [17] |
| 2000 | 501,000 | $55,040 | BLS CPS 2002 (employment) [5]; BLS OEWS 2000 (pay) [16] |
| 2003 | 423,880 | $62,580 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [6] |
| 2004 | 416,340 | $63,450 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [6] |
| 2005 | 441,000 | $66,380 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [6] |
| 2006 | 476,070 | $68,050 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [6] |
| 2007 | 499,640 | $71,150 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [6] |
| 2008 | 535,850 | $73,570 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [6] |
| 2009 | 552,770 | $75,250 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [6] |
| 2010 | 536,310 | $78,160 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [6] |
| 2011 | 538,950 | $78,490 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [6] |
| 2012 | 540,440 | $78,600 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [6] |
| 2013 | 567,840 | $79,870 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [6] |
| 2014 | 587,450 | $80,880 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [6] |
| 2015 | 614,110 | $81,320 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [6] |
| 2016 | 637,690 | $81,330 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [6] |
| 2017 | 659,200 | $82,450 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [6] |
| 2018 | 684,470 | $83,610 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [6] |
| 2019 | 709,750 | $85,260 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [6] |
| 2020 | 734,000 | $87,660 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [6] |
| 2021 | 768,450 | $93,000 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [6] |
| 2022 | 808,860 | $95,290 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [6] |
| 2023 | 838,140 | $99,410 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [6] |
| 2024 | 893,900 | $101,190 | BLS OEWS May 2024 (employment) [6]; BLS OEWS May 2024 (pay) [19] |
| 2025 | 898,280 | $101,860 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [6] |

## Sources (114)

### Employment series

1. [Stevens Institute of Technology — "Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific Management Principles" (history of scientific management consulting, 1910 era)](https://www.stevens.edu/news/frederick-winslow-taylor-scientific-management), Stevens Institute of Technology
2. [McKenna, Christopher D. — "The World's Newest Profession: Management Consulting in the Twentieth Century" (Cambridge University Press, 2006)](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/worlds-newest-profession/39988BA80D1C903879DE64B820492154), Cambridge University Press
3. [Consulting Quest — "History of Consulting: 9 Defining Stages That Shaped An Industry" (industry headcount trajectory)](https://consultingquest.com/insights/history-of-consulting-industry-evolution/), Consulting Quest
4. [FRED / BLS Current Employment Statistics — All Employees, Management, Scientific, and Technical Consulting Services (CES6054160001), 1990 industry value used as occupational proxy](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CES6054160001), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), from BLS Current Employment Statistics
5. [BLS Occupational Outlook Quarterly, "The 2000-10 Job Outlook in Brief" (Spring 2002): management analysts held about 501,000 jobs in 2000](https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2002/spring/art01.pdf), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
6. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
7. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
8. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
9. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
10. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2423, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
11. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2431, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
12. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2431, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
13. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

14. [Recruiting Blogs — "History's Most Trusted Advisors: Management Consultants in the 60s and 70s" (McKinsey starting salary ~$15,000; BCG offer $17,000 in 1967)](https://recruitingblogs.com/profiles/blogs/history-s-most-trusted-advisors-management-consultants-in-the-60s), Recruiting Blogs / historical consulting industry sources
15. [BLS OES 1997 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes97nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
16. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
17. [U.S. Census 2000, Earnings by Detailed Occupation (Table 2): Management Analysts, year-round full-time median earnings $58,337 for 1999.](https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/2000/earnings-occupation/call2usboth.csv), CENSUS
18. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
19. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Management Analysts (May 2024 median annual wage $101,190)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/management-analysts.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
20. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
21. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
22. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
23. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2423, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
24. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2431, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
25. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2431, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
26. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Management and Organisation Analysts (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/2247-management-and-organisation-analysts), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

27. [Library of Congress — "Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Birth of Scientific Management" (Inside Adams blog, July 2024)](https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2024/07/frederick-winslow-taylor-scientific-management/), Library of Congress
28. [Stevens Institute of Technology — "Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific Management Principles Birthed Modern-Day Industrial Engineering"](https://www.stevens.edu/news/frederick-winslow-taylor-scientific-management), Stevens Institute of Technology
29. [McKenna, Christopher D. — "The World's Newest Profession" (Cambridge, 2006) — professionalization of McKinsey in the 1930s-1950s](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/worlds-newest-profession/39988BA80D1C903879DE64B820492154), Cambridge University Press
30. [Wikipedia — Marvin Bower (McKinsey professionalization: code of conduct, structured analysis, 1933 onward)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Bower), Wikipedia
31. [Wikipedia — Boston Consulting Group (founding 1963, experience curve 1966, growth-share matrix 1970)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group), Wikipedia
32. [Consulting Quest — "History of Consulting: 9 Defining Stages" (framework era and MBB growth)](https://consultingquest.com/insights/history-of-consulting-industry-evolution/), Consulting Quest
33. [Wikipedia — Microsoft PowerPoint (history, 1987 release)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint), Wikipedia
34. [Wikipedia: Knowledge management (codifying and sharing organizational knowledge; consulting-firm knowledge bases and the shift to data-driven advisory)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management), Wikipedia
35. [Financial Times — "McKinsey's AI assistant Lilli used by 70,000+ employees" (October 2024)](https://www.ft.com/content/fc04b0d0-f554-4e99-9b56-f0c0f2ac8c51), Financial Times
36. [DigitalDefynd — "5 Ways BCG Is Using AI" (BCG Deckster: AI-powered slide generation for consultants, globally launched March 2024; 450,000+ uses, 70% of saved hours reinvested in higher-value work)](https://digitaldefynd.com/IQ/ways-bcg-is-using-ai/), DigitalDefynd
37. [Harvard Business Review — "AI Is Changing the Structure of Consulting Firms" (September 2025) — AI automating junior-tier research and analysis, reshaping firm staffing models](https://hbr.org/2025/09/ai-is-changing-the-structure-of-consulting-firms), Harvard Business Review

### Forecasts and exposure studies

38. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 13-1111 Management analysts (2025: 1,077.1 thousand; 2035: 1,186.3 thousand; +10.1%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-1111&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
39. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 13-1111.00, human-rated β 0.5)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI
40. [Briggs & Kodnani, "The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth", Goldman Sachs Global Economics Analyst (26 March 2023), Exhibit 5 (US): business and financial operations 35%](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.pdf), Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research

### Historical notes

41. [Library of Congress Inside Adams — "Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Birth of Scientific Management" (July 2024)](https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2024/07/frederick-winslow-taylor-scientific-management/), Library of Congress
42. [Wikipedia — McKinsey and Company (founding and history)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company), Wikipedia
43. [Wikipedia — Marvin Bower (McKinsey transformation, ethics code, 1933-1967)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Bower), Wikipedia
44. [Wikipedia — Boston Consulting Group (founding 1963, Bruce Henderson)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group), Wikipedia
45. [Wikipedia — Microsoft PowerPoint (history of release and consulting adoption)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint), Wikipedia
46. [Wikipedia — Arthur Andersen (collapse 2002, Enron scandal)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen), Wikipedia
47. [Financial Times — "McKinsey's AI assistant Lilli used by 70,000+ employees" (October 2024)](https://www.ft.com/content/fc04b0d0-f554-4e99-9b56-f0c0f2ac8c51), Financial Times

### Predecessors & successors

48. [Stevens Institute of Technology — "Frederick Winslow Taylor's Scientific Management Principles" (consulting engineer origins)](https://www.stevens.edu/news/frederick-winslow-taylor-scientific-management), Stevens Institute of Technology
49. [McKenna, Christopher D. — "The World's Newest Profession" (Cambridge, 2006) — Glass-Steagall's role in consulting growth](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/worlds-newest-profession/39988BA80D1C903879DE64B820492154), Cambridge University Press
50. [Consulting Quest — "History of Consulting: 9 Defining Stages" (MBA-to-consulting pipeline)](https://consultingquest.com/insights/history-of-consulting-industry-evolution/), Consulting Quest
51. [LinkedIn Jobs on the Rise 2026 — AI Strategy Consultant as top emerging role](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-jobs-rise-2026-us-list/), LinkedIn

### Present-day analysis

- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-23
- [O\*NET 30.3 — Management Analysts (13-1111.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1111.00), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Financial Times — McKinsey's AI assistant Lilli used by 70k+ employees (Oct 2024)](https://www.ft.com/content/fc04b0d0-f554-4e99-9b56-f0c0f2ac8c51), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Computerworld — BCG's Deckster AI used 450,000+ times to build and polish slides (2024)](https://www.computerworld.com/article/3491334/bcg-execs-ai-across-the-company-increased-productivity-employee-joy.html), accessed 2026-06-21
- [Harvard Business Review — AI Is Changing the Structure of Consulting Firms (2025)](https://hbr.org/2025/09/ai-is-changing-the-structure-of-consulting-firms), accessed 2026-06-21
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Management Analysts (2024–2034)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/management-analysts.htm), accessed 2026-05-23
- [McKinsey Global Institute — A New Future of Work: The Race Between AI and Humans (2023)](https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/a-new-future-of-work-the-race-between-humans-and-machines), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Goldman Sachs — Generative AI could raise global GDP by 7% (2023)](https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/generative-ai-could-raise-global-gdp-by-7-percent), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Accenture — Accenture LearnVantage launch: $1B investment in AI skills training for clients and employees (2024)](https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/2024/accenture-launches-accenture-learnvantage-to-help-clients-and-their-people-gain-essential-skills-and-achieve-greater-business-value-in-the-ai-economy), accessed 2026-06-21
- [LinkedIn Jobs on the Rise 2026 — AI Strategy Consultant emerges as top role](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/linkedin-jobs-rise-2026-us-list/), accessed 2026-05-23

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.