# Civil Engineers

US SOC code 17-2051. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2051

Also called: Structural engineer, Geotechnical engineer, Water resources engineer, Hydraulic engineer, Site engineer.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **367,840** US civil engineers, with median pay of **$100,840** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml) of **43,000** from 1900, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for civil engineers: Digital twin + AI-assisted structural optimization + drone inspection, 2015 to 2022. Drone inspection and digital monitoring reduced field labor hours on routine inspection tasks while creating new specializations in data analysis and structural health monitoring.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 6.4% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=17-2051&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **37.5%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.019** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

### Since the 2013 prediction

In 2013, Frey and Osborne put this job's probability of computerisation at 0.019. BLS counted **262,170** of these jobs in May 2013 and **367,840** in May 2025 (+40%, a change derived by Future History).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Civil Engineers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1794
- Latest US employment: 367,840 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [7]
- Latest US median pay: $100,840 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [15]
- Outlook: +6.4% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [37]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 21300)
  - Employment, 2020: 64,670. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [10]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 21300 Civil engineers, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$97,000. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [18]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 21300 Civil engineers, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 2121)
  - Employment, 2025: 63,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [11]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 2121 Civil engineers, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £50,602. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [19]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 2121 Civil engineers, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 2332)
  - Employment, 2025: 78,300. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [12]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 2332 Civil Engineering Professionals, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$115,284. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [20]. Annualised (x52) from A$2,217 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 29 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 43,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., IPUMS USA [1] |
| 1920 | 82,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., US Department of Transportation [2] |
| 1940 | 98,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Tennessee Valley Authority [3] |
| 1960 | 165,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Federal Highway Administration [4] |
| 1980 | 210,000 (estimate) | $27,000 (estimate) | Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook [5] |
| 2000 | 207,080 | $55,740 | BLS OEWS 2000 [6] |
| 2003 | 206,350 | $61,850 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [7] |
| 2004 | 218,220 | $64,230 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [7] |
| 2005 | 229,700 | $66,190 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [7] |
| 2006 | 236,690 | $68,600 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [7] |
| 2007 | 247,370 | $71,710 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [7] |
| 2008 | 261,360 | $74,600 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [7] |
| 2009 | 259,320 | $76,590 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [7] |
| 2010 | 249,120 | $77,560 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [7] |
| 2011 | 254,130 | $77,990 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [7] |
| 2012 | 258,100 | $79,340 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [7] |
| 2013 | 262,170 | $80,770 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [7] |
| 2014 | 263,460 | $82,050 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [7] |
| 2015 | 275,210 | $82,220 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [7] |
| 2016 | 287,800 | $83,540 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [7] |
| 2017 | 298,910 | $84,770 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [7] |
| 2018 | 306,030 | $86,640 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [7] |
| 2019 | 310,850 | $87,060 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [7] |
| 2020 | 300,850 | $88,570 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [7] |
| 2021 | 304,310 | $88,050 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [7] |
| 2022 | 307,570 | $89,940 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [7] |
| 2023 | 327,950 | $95,890 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [7] |
| 2024 | 355,410 | $99,590 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [7] |
| 2025 | 367,840 | $100,840 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [7] |

## Sources (120)

### Employment series

1. [IPUMS USA — 1900 Census occupational data; ASCE membership history (Historical Statistics of the United States)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
2. [US Department of Transportation — Federal Highway Administration, "America's Highways 1776-1976" (Federal Aid Road Act 1916, state highway department staffing)](https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/), Federal Highway Administration / US Department of Transportation
3. [Tennessee Valley Authority — "TVA: A Short History" (1933 founding, dam construction program, engineering employment)](https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history), Tennessee Valley Authority
4. [Federal Highway Administration — "The Greatest Decade 1956-1966: Eisenhower and the Interstate System" (Highway Act 1956, civil engineering demand)](https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/brainiacs/eisenhowerinterstate.cfm), Federal Highway Administration
5. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Civil Engineers (1980-81 edition historical employment context)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/civil-engineers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
6. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
7. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
8. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
9. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
10. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
11. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2121, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
12. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

13. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Civil Engineers (1980-81 edition wage context); inflation adjustment via BLS CPI-U calculator](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/civil-engineers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
14. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
15. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
16. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
17. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
18. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
19. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2121, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
20. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Civil Engineering Professionals (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/2332-civil-engineering-professionals), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

21. [American Society of Civil Engineers — "Benjamin Wright" notable civil engineers profile (Father of American Engineering, Erie Canal chief engineer, 363-mile route, 1817 survey)](https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/notable-civil-engineers/benjamin-wright), American Society of Civil Engineers
22. [IPUMS USA — 1900 Census occupational data (historical context for civil engineering workforce size)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
23. [Wikipedia — "Brooklyn Bridge" (John Roebling design, Washington Roebling completion, steel wire cable construction, 1870-1883)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge), Wikipedia
24. [Wikipedia — "Reinforced concrete" (Joseph Monier wire-mesh patent 1867, Ernest Ransome early innovator of reinforced concrete techniques, history of modern construction materials)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete), Wikipedia
25. [Bureau of Reclamation — "Hoover Dam: The Boulder Canyon Project" (1936 completion, engineering scale, dam design)](https://www.usbr.gov/lc/hooverdam/history/storymain.html), US Bureau of Reclamation
26. [Tennessee Valley Authority — "TVA: A Short History" (1933 founding, 29-dam system, New Deal engineering scale)](https://www.tva.com/about-tva/our-history), Tennessee Valley Authority
27. [American Society of Civil Engineers — "Finite Element Method in Civil Engineering: Historical Development" (Turner et al. 1956 paper; STRUDL, SAP development history)](https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9445%281988%29114%3A9%282066%29), American Society of Civil Engineers / ASCE Library
28. [NASA Technical Reports Server — "NASTRAN: General Structural Analysis System" (1969 release, application to civil structural analysis)](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19700031628), NASA
29. [Wikipedia — "AutoCAD" (first release December 1982 at COMDEX; Autodesk; most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide by March 1986)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD), Wikipedia
30. [Bentley Systems — "MicroStation History and Infrastructure Engineering" (MicroStation 1985-1987, civil engineering applications)](https://www.bentley.com/software/microstation/), Bentley Systems
31. [Wikipedia — "Building Information Modeling" (Autodesk 2002 white paper coining "BIM"; Revit acquisition; parametric design history)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling), Wikipedia
32. [NOAA — "LiDAR — Light Detection and Ranging" (commercial LiDAR for terrain survey, application to civil infrastructure planning)](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
33. [FAA — "Part 107 Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems" (August 2016, commercial drone operations, bridge and infrastructure inspection applications)](https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/part_107_waivers), Federal Aviation Administration
34. [ASCE — "Infrastructure Digital Twin: A Framework for Structural Health Monitoring" (bridge monitoring, sensor networks, predictive maintenance)](https://ascelibrary.org/journal/jbenf2), American Society of Civil Engineers
35. [ASCE 2025 Infrastructure Report Card (overall grade C, $3.7 trillion investment gap, IIJA context)](https://infrastructurereportcard.org/making-the-grade/), American Society of Civil Engineers
36. [BLS National Employment Matrix — 17-2051 Civil Engineers (2024-34 projections: +5%, 18,500 new jobs)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=17-2051&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Forecasts and exposure studies

37. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 17-2051 Civil engineers (2025: 380.6 thousand; 2035: 405.1 thousand; +6.4%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=17-2051&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
38. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 17-2051 Civil Engineers: probability 0.019, rank 84 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
39. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 17-2051.00, human-rated β 0.375)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

40. [US Military Academy at West Point — "History of USMA" (1794/1802 founding, engineering curriculum, civilian career transitions of graduates)](https://www.westpoint.edu/about/history-of-west-point), US Military Academy at West Point
41. [Wikipedia — "Erie Canal" (opened October 26, 1825; Benjamin Wright principal engineer; 363 miles Albany to Buffalo; DeWitt Clinton; freight cost reduction)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Canal), Wikipedia
42. [American Society of Civil Engineers — "History of ASCE" (November 5, 1852 founding at Croton Aqueduct Department offices, City Hall Park, New York)](https://www.asce.org/about-asce), American Society of Civil Engineers
43. [Federal Highway Administration — "The Greatest Decade 1956-1966: Eisenhower and the Interstate System" (Federal Aid Highway Act 1956, 41,000 miles, $25 billion authorization)](https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/interstate/brainiacs/eisenhowerinterstate.cfm), Federal Highway Administration / US Department of Transportation
44. [Wikipedia — "AutoCAD" (first release December 1982 at COMDEX; most ubiquitous CAD program worldwide by March 1986; impact on engineering practice)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD), Wikipedia
45. [Wikipedia — "American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009" ($27.5 billion for highway and bridge construction projects; February 17, 2009)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009), Wikipedia
46. [ASCE 2025 Infrastructure Report Card (C grade, $3.7 trillion investment gap, 60,000+ IIJA projects funded, infrastructure investment needs)](https://infrastructurereportcard.org/making-the-grade/), American Society of Civil Engineers
47. [BLS National Employment Matrix — 17-2051 Civil Engineers (2024-34 projections: 368,900 → 387,500, +5.0%, 18,500 new jobs)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=17-2051&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Predecessors & successors

48. [US Military Academy, West Point — "History of USMA" (1794 founding, civil engineering curriculum, engineer officers building US infrastructure)](https://www.westpoint.edu/about/history-of-west-point), US Military Academy at West Point
49. [American Society of Civil Engineers — "Benjamin Wright" notable civil engineers profile (surveyor-to-engineer path, Erie Canal chief engineer, apprenticeship training of the first generation of American civil engineers)](https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/notable-civil-engineers/benjamin-wright), American Society of Civil Engineers

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Civil Engineers (17-2051.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2051.00), accessed 2026-05-23
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Civil Engineers (2024–2034, 5% growth)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/civil-engineers.htm), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-23
- [ASCE — How AI Will Reshape Work in Civil Engineering and Related Professions (Dec 2024)](https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2024/12/03/how-ai-will-reshape-work-in-civil-engineering-related-professions), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Bentley Systems — Advances Infrastructure AI: OpenSite+ (10x faster), SYNCHRO+, Bentley Copilot (Oct 2025)](https://www.bentley.com/news/bentley-systems-advances-infrastructure-ai-with-new-applications-and-industry-collaboration/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Autodesk — Agentic AI Developments for Autodesk Assistant in Civil 3D (Nov 2025)](https://www.autodesk.com/blogs/aec/2025/11/17/agentic-ai-developments-for-autodesk-assistant-in-civil-3d/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Procore — Advances Future of Construction with AI Innovations at Groundbreak 2025](https://www.procore.com/press/procore-advances-the-future-of-construction-with-new-ai-innovations), accessed 2026-05-23
- [DroneDeploy — Unveils Agentic AI and Robotics at Horizons 2025 (Safety AI, Progress AI, Inspection AI)](https://www.dronedeploy.com/blog/dronedeploy-unveils-agentic-ai-and-robotics-products-at-horizons-2025), accessed 2026-05-23
- [OpenSpace — Visual Intelligence Platform Launch (Sep 2025): 62% of ENR Top 400 adopted](https://www.openspace.ai/press-releases/visual-intelligence-platform/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Bluebeam — Max AI Plan Launches Globally (May 2026): Smart Review, Claude integration, $590/user/yr](https://architosh.com/2026/05/ai-powered-bluebeam-max-launches-globally/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [DroneDeploy — Safety AI identifies 90,000+ risks; Progress AI 100x faster than human tracking](https://www.dronedeploy.com/blog/dronedeploy-revolutionizes-safety-risk-detection-in-construction-with-launch-of-safety-ai), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Bentley Systems — OpenSite+: AI-Powered Site Design, 10x faster project delivery (limited availability 2025)](https://www.bentley.com/software/opensite-plus/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Bluebeam Max — AI Tools That Improve AEC Document Work (Smart Review, Smart Compare)](https://microcad3d.com/bluebeam-max-ai-tools-improve-aec-document-work/), accessed 2026-05-23

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.