# Business Teachers, Postsecondary

US SOC code 25-1011. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-1011

Also called: Business professor, MBA professor, Business school faculty, Management professor, Marketing professor.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **82,150** US postsecondary business teachers, with median pay of **$99,080** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was **85,220**, in May 2013, close to the May 2025 count. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_301.20.asp) of **1,500** from 1920, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for postsecondary business teachers: Learning Management Systems and online delivery, 1998 to 2015.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 5.9% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-1011&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **42%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Business Teachers, Postsecondary employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1881
- Latest US employment: 82,150 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [3]
- Latest US median pay: $99,080 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [6]
- Outlook: +5.9% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [21]

### All 28 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1920 | 1,500 (estimate) | n/a | Est., NCES Digest of Education Statistics [1] |
| 1950 | 12,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., NCES Digest of Education Statistics [1] |
| 1970 | 45,000 (estimate) | $12,000 (estimate) | Est., NCES Digest of Education Statistics (employment) [2]; Est., AAUP Faculty Compensation Survey (pay) [4] |
| 1990 | 72,000 (estimate) | $48,000 (estimate) | Est., NCES Digest of Education Statistics (employment) [2]; Est., AAUP 2005-06 Report on the Economic… (pay) [5] |
| 2000 | 82,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., NCES Digest of Education Statistics [1] |
| 2003 | 68,260 | $55,510 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [3] |
| 2004 | 68,340 | $57,210 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [3] |
| 2005 | 67,420 | $59,210 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [3] |
| 2006 | 67,390 | $62,040 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [3] |
| 2007 | 67,700 | $64,900 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [3] |
| 2008 | 69,690 | $68,000 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [3] |
| 2009 | 73,790 | $73,320 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [3] |
| 2010 | 79,070 | $73,760 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [3] |
| 2011 | 82,090 | $74,770 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [3] |
| 2012 | 82,460 | $73,660 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [3] |
| 2013 | 85,220 | $75,120 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [3] |
| 2014 | 85,030 | $74,090 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [3] |
| 2015 | 84,890 | $75,370 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [3] |
| 2016 | 83,030 | $77,490 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [3] |
| 2017 | 84,340 | $80,300 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [3] |
| 2018 | 84,230 | $83,960 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [3] |
| 2019 | 83,920 | $87,200 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [3] |
| 2020 | 79,810 | $88,010 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [3] |
| 2021 | 79,640 | $94,360 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [3] |
| 2022 | 78,410 | $88,790 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [3] |
| 2023 | 82,980 | $97,130 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [3] |
| 2024 | 81,780 | $97,270 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [3] |
| 2025 | 82,150 | $99,080 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [3] |

## Sources (81)

### Employment series

1. [NCES Digest of Education Statistics, Table 301.20 — Historical summary of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions: 1919-20 total = 48,615](https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d22/tables/dt22_301.20.asp), National Center for Education Statistics
2. [NCES Digest of Education Statistics, Table 322.10 — Bachelor's degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions by field: 1970-71 business degrees = 115,396](https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d23/tables/dt23_322.10.asp), National Center for Education Statistics
3. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Wage series

4. [AAUP Faculty Compensation Survey — historical data coverage from 1958; 1972 real-terms baseline in 2020-21 survey report; business faculty premium over all-faculty median noted in AAUP annual reports](https://research.aaup.org/history), American Association of University Professors
5. [AAUP 2005-06 Report on the Economic Status of the Profession — historical salary series and discipline-specific premium documentation](https://www.aaup.org/2005-06-report-economic-status-profession), American Association of University Professors
6. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
7. [BLS OEWS May 2024, national cross-industry estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Tool eras

8. [Wharton School history — University of Pennsylvania Archives: founding in 1881, curriculum of accounting, mercantile law, and economic resources](https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/school-histories/wharton/), University of Pennsylvania Archives
9. [Harvard Business School history — HBS.edu: 1908 founding with 15 faculty, 80 students; early curriculum of accounting, commercial contracts, and economic resources](https://www.hbs.edu/about/history), Harvard Business School
10. [HBS Online — "The History of the Case Study at Harvard Business School": formal adoption of case teaching since 1924; the method HBS invented and which 100+ business schools adopted](https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/the-history-of-the-case-study-at-harvard-business-school), Harvard Business School
11. [VoegelinView — "Why Business Schools Exist: Intellectual Origins of Business Schools in 19th-century France and America"](https://voegelinview.com/business-schools-exist-intellectual-origins-business-schools-nineteenth-century-france-america/), VoegelinView
12. [Stanford GSB — "Economist James E. Howell, 91, Transformed Modern-Day Management Education": Gordon-Howell Report 1959, Ford Foundation sponsorship, transformation of business school hiring norms](https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/economist-james-e-howell-91-transformed-modern-day-management-education), Stanford Graduate School of Business
13. [HBS Working Paper 11-070 (Khurana, Kimura, Fourcade) — "The Ford Foundation as a Dominating Institution in the Field of Business Education"](https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/11-070.pdf), Harvard Business School
14. [NCES Digest of Education Statistics, Table 322.10 — Bachelor's degrees conferred by field: 1980-81 business = 200,521; 1990-91 = 249,165](https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d23/tables/dt23_322.10.asp), National Center for Education Statistics
15. [Wikipedia — VisiCalc (first spreadsheet, 1979); Lotus 1-2-3 (1983); Microsoft Excel (1985): transforming financial analysis instruction in business schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VisiCalc), Wikipedia
16. [AAUP — Data Snapshot: Tenure and Contingency in US Higher Education: contingent faculty grew from ~47% (1987) to 68% (2021)](https://www.aaup.org/sites/default/files/10112018%20Data%20Snapshot%20Tenure.pdf), American Association of University Professors
17. [Wikipedia — Blackboard Inc. (founded 1997, dominant LMS through 2000s)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackboard_Inc.), Wikipedia
18. [AACSB Insights — "New Teaching Methods for an AI-Driven Workplace" (May 2026): course chatbots reduce routine questions 75%; shift to simulations and presentations; "build to learn" AI model](https://www.aacsb.edu/insights/articles/2026/05/new-teaching-methods-for-an-ai-driven-workplace), AACSB International
19. [Federal Reserve FEDS Notes — "Educational Exposure to Generative AI" (February 2026): business/economics z-score 0.89; accounting z-score 1.58](https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/educational-exposure-to-generative-artificial-intelligence-20250226.html), Federal Reserve Board
20. [Campus Technology — "California State University Launches Systemwide ChatGPT Edu Deployment" (February 2025): 460k students, 63k faculty/staff, 23 campuses](https://campustechnology.com/articles/2025/02/05/california-state-university-launches-systemwide-chatgpt-edu-deployment.aspx), Campus Technology

### Forecasts and exposure studies

21. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 25-1011 Business teachers, postsecondary (2025: 103.6 thousand; 2035: 109.7 thousand; +5.9%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-1011&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
22. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 25-1011.00, human-rated β 0.42)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

23. [University of Pennsylvania Archives — Wharton School history: 1881 founding, $100,000 Wharton gift, first class of 13 undergraduates](https://archives.upenn.edu/exhibits/penn-history/school-histories/wharton/), University of Pennsylvania Archives
24. [Harvard Business School history — HBS.edu: 1908 founding, first dean Edwin Francis Gay, 15 faculty, 80 students, first MBA program](https://www.hbs.edu/about/history), Harvard Business School
25. [AACSB International — Wikipedia article: 17 founding universities in 1916; first accreditations 1919; 1,055 accredited institutions as of 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_to_Advance_Collegiate_Schools_of_Business), Wikipedia / AACSB International
26. [Stanford GSB — "Economist James E. Howell, 91, Transformed Modern-Day Management Education": Gordon-Howell Report 1959 impact on business faculty professionalization](https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/economist-james-e-howell-91-transformed-modern-day-management-education), Stanford Graduate School of Business
27. [NCES Digest of Education Statistics, Table 322.10 — Business bachelor's degrees 1970-71: 115,396; 1980-81: 200,521 (largest single field)](https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d23/tables/dt23_322.10.asp), National Center for Education Statistics

### Predecessors & successors

28. [Stanford GSB — Gordon-Howell Report history: pre-1959 business faculty were largely practitioners without doctoral degrees](https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/experience/news-history/economist-james-e-howell-91-transformed-modern-day-management-education), Stanford Graduate School of Business
29. [HBS Working Paper 11-070 — Ford Foundation transformation of business school faculty: economists as the primary lever for improving rigor](https://www.hbs.edu/ris/Publication%20Files/11-070.pdf), Harvard Business School

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Business Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1011.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-1011.00), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Federal Reserve FEDS Notes — Educational Exposure to Generative AI (Feb 2026): accounting z-score 1.58, business/economics z-score 0.89](https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/educational-exposure-to-generative-artificial-intelligence-20250226.html), accessed 2026-05-23
- [AACSB Insights — New Teaching Methods for an AI-Driven Workplace (May 2026): 75% reduction in repetitive office-hour questions via course chatbot at Gies Business](https://www.aacsb.edu/insights/articles/2026/05/new-teaching-methods-for-an-ai-driven-workplace), accessed 2026-05-23
- [OpenAI — ChatGPT Edu: CSU system-wide deployment (460k+ students, 63k+ faculty/staff across 23 campuses, Feb 2025)](https://campustechnology.com/articles/2025/02/05/california-state-university-launches-systemwide-chatgpt-edu-deployment.aspx), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Gradescope — AI-assisted grading: 10-minute vs. 1-hour grading documented for large-cohort problem sets](https://www.gradescope.com/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [AACSB — AI Use Cases for Accreditation hub: AccredAI assistant for AACSB standards, nine-standard integration framework](https://www.aacsb.edu/educators/accreditation/business-accreditation/ai-use-cases-for-accreditation), accessed 2026-05-23
- [BLS OES 2024 — Business Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1011): median annual wage $97,270; 103,100 employed; faster-than-average growth projected 2024–2034](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Capsim — AI-feedback and behavioral scoring in business simulations: instant structured feedback for facilitators, LMS integration](https://www.capsim.com/), accessed 2026-05-23

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.