# Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary

US SOC code 25-1031. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-1031

Also called: Architecture professor, Architecture teacher, Architecture postsecondary teacher, Architecture faculty, Architecture lecturer.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **7,700** US postsecondary architecture teachers, with median pay of **$96,870** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was **9,120**, in May 2024. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www.acsa-arch.org/about/) of **300** from 1912, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for postsecondary architecture teachers: Cloud-based design and simulation, 2015 to 2022.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 2.6% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-1031&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **42.7%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1868
- Latest US employment: 7,700 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [5]
- Latest US median pay: $96,870 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [7]
- Outlook: +2.6% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [20]

### All 28 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1912 | 300 (estimate) | n/a | Est., ACSA [1] |
| 1950 | 1,200 (estimate) | n/a | Est., National WWII Museum [2] |
| 1970 | n/a | $12,500 (estimate) | Est., AAUP [6] |
| 1980 | 4,500 (estimate) | n/a | Est., NAAB [3] |
| 2000 | 8,400 (estimate) | $57,000 (estimate) | Est., ACSA (employment) [4]; Est., AAUP (pay) [6] |
| 2003 | 5,270 | $58,410 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [5] |
| 2004 | 5,700 | $59,990 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [5] |
| 2005 | 6,110 | $62,270 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [5] |
| 2006 | 5,820 | $64,620 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [5] |
| 2007 | 6,070 | $68,540 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [5] |
| 2008 | 6,430 | $71,710 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [5] |
| 2009 | 7,090 | $73,550 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [5] |
| 2010 | 7,620 | $73,500 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [5] |
| 2011 | 7,060 | $73,070 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [5] |
| 2012 | 7,290 | $71,610 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [5] |
| 2013 | 7,340 | $72,550 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [5] |
| 2014 | 7,190 | $73,720 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [5] |
| 2015 | 7,340 | $73,920 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [5] |
| 2016 | 7,370 | $79,250 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [5] |
| 2017 | 7,280 | $80,050 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [5] |
| 2018 | 6,880 | $86,980 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [5] |
| 2019 | 6,780 | $87,900 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [5] |
| 2020 | 6,910 | $90,880 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [5] |
| 2021 | 5,950 | $95,160 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [5] |
| 2022 | 6,420 | $93,220 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [5] |
| 2023 | 8,350 | $105,770 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [5] |
| 2024 | 9,120 | $101,480 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [5] |
| 2025 | 7,700 | $96,870 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [5] |

## Sources (86)

### Employment series

1. [ACSA -- About: History (founded 1912 by ten charter member schools)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/about/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
2. [National WWII Museum -- "The GI Bill and Planning for the Postwar" (enrollment surge 1946-1952, faculty expansion at US universities)](https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/gi-bill-and-planning-postwar), National WWII Museum
3. [NAAB -- Our History (1980 resolution requiring NAAB-accredited degree for licensure, accelerating program accreditation)](https://www.naab.org/who-we-are/our-history), National Architectural Accrediting Board
4. [ACSA -- About: Schools and Faculty (127 US + 11 Canadian accredited programs; approximately 7,000 faculty)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/schools-faculty/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
5. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Wage series

6. [AAUP -- Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession (historical salary trend reference: 1970-71 average full-time faculty salary $13,100)](https://www.aaup.org/reports-publications/2000-01salarysurvey), American Association of University Professors
7. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
8. [BLS OEWS May 2024, national cross-industry estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Tool eras

9. [MIT ArchivesSpace -- William R. Ware papers (1868 founding of MIT architecture department, curriculum development)](https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/14983), MIT Libraries
10. [Mississippi Preservation / archsoc -- "From Bauhaus to Our House: Architectural Education Overthrown" (Gropius at Harvard 1937, Beaux-Arts decline)](https://misspreservation.com/2009/04/22/from-bauhaus-to-our-house-architectural-education-overthrown/), Mississippi Preservation / archsoc
11. [ACSA -- Institutional Data Report 2020 (architectural education program structure, studio pedagogy reference)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/resource/acsa-institutional-data-report-2020/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
12. [Wikipedia -- AutoCAD (history: version 1.0 released December 1982; architectural industry adoption 1980s-1990s)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD), Wikipedia
13. [Wikipedia -- Revit (history: founded 1997 as Revit Technology Corporation; acquired by Autodesk 2002)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revit), Wikipedia
14. [Grasshopper3D -- About (Grasshopper visual scripting for Rhino, released publicly 2007)](https://www.grasshopper3d.com/), Robert McNeel and Associates
15. [Autodesk Education -- Forma for Construction free for students and educators at qualified institutions](https://www.autodesk.com/education/edu-software/forma-for-construction), Autodesk
16. [ACSA 2025 Intersections Research Conference: AI Design Practices (entire conference program on AI pedagogy, ethics, and studio integration)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/conference/2025-intersections-research-conference-ai-design-practices/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
17. [MDPI Buildings -- Human-AI Collaborative Design in Architectural Studios: Evaluating Paradigm Shifts Across the Six Stages of the Design Process (2025, vol 16 no 7)](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/16/7/1445), MDPI Buildings
18. [Pratt Institute GALAUD -- "Whatever Is Happening Now Is Never Going to Happen Again": architecture faculty AI studio integration case study (Prattfolio, 2025)](https://www.pratt.edu/prattfolio/stories/architecture-and-ai/), Pratt Institute
19. [NAAB -- Conditions for Accreditation 2020 Edition, Revised March 2026 (AI implications for faculty-of-record accountability)](https://www.naab.org/accreditation/notice-of-actions), National Architectural Accrediting Board

### Forecasts and exposure studies

20. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 25-1031 Architecture teachers, postsecondary (2025: 9.7 thousand; 2035: 10.0 thousand; +2.6%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-1031&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
21. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 25-1031.00, human-rated β 0.427)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

22. [MIT SA+P -- Overview (MIT opens first Department of Architecture in the United States, 1868)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260715024120/https://sap.mit.edu/overview), MIT School of Architecture and Planning
23. [ACSA -- About: History (founded 1912 by ten charter member schools to advance the quality of architectural education)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/about/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
24. [Mississippi Preservation / archsoc -- "From Bauhaus to Our House: Architectural Education Overthrown" (Gropius at Harvard 1937, Mies at IIT; Beaux-Arts decline)](https://misspreservation.com/2009/04/22/from-bauhaus-to-our-house-architectural-education-overthrown/), Mississippi Preservation
25. [NAAB -- Our History (founded 1940; 1980 resolution requiring NAAB-accredited degree for licensure)](https://www.naab.org/who-we-are/our-history), National Architectural Accrediting Board
26. [National WWII Museum -- "The GI Bill and Planning for the Postwar" (49% of college students were veterans by 1947; universities expanded teaching staff)](https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/gi-bill-and-planning-postwar), National WWII Museum
27. [Wikipedia -- AutoCAD (history: version 1.0 released December 1982 at COMDEX)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoCAD), Wikipedia
28. [ACSA 2025 Intersections Research Conference: AI Design Practices (entire conference program devoted to AI pedagogy, September 2025, Boston)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/conference/2025-intersections-research-conference-ai-design-practices/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture

### Predecessors & successors

29. [ACSA -- About (founding faculty at 1912 member schools were practicing architects; the practitioner-scholar model has been the dominant faculty entry path since 1868)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/about/), Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture
30. [archsoc -- "How the Architecture Profession Reproduces Itself" (graduate degree as primary entry path to faculty; note that only ~25% of architecture academics hold a Ph.D., vs. near-100% in other fields)](https://www.archsoc.com/kcas/Historyed.html), archsoc

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary (25-1031.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-1031.00), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science 384:1306-1308)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-24
- [BLS OES May 2025 — Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary: median annual wage $101,480; ~11,600 employed](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/education-training-and-library/postsecondary-teachers.htm), accessed 2026-05-24
- [ACSA 2025 Intersections Research Conference: AI Design Practices — sessions on AI pedagogy, studio critique, ethics, and Autodesk Forma Architecture Training for faculty (September, Boston)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/conference/2025-intersections-research-conference-ai-design-practices/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [ACSA — Redefining Architectural Pedagogy: Navigating the Integration of Midjourney AI in Design Education (Mansour; ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings 2024)](https://www.acsa-arch.org/chapter/redefining-architectural-pedagogy-navigating-the-integration-of-midjourney-ai-in-design-education/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Pratt Institute GALAUD — "Whatever Is Happening Now Is Never Going to Happen Again": architecture faculty AI studio integration case study (Prattfolio, 2025)](https://www.pratt.edu/prattfolio/stories/architecture-and-ai/), accessed 2026-05-24
- [MDPI Buildings — Human–AI Collaborative Design in Architectural Studios: Evaluating Paradigm Shifts Across the Six Stages of the Design Process (2025)](https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/16/7/1445), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Zhejiang University / arXiv — Exploring the Modular Integration of AI + Architecture Pedagogy in Undergraduate Design Education (arXiv:2512.13730, 2024–25 studio case)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.13730), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Autodesk Education — Forma for Construction free for students and educators at qualified institutions](https://www.autodesk.com/education/edu-software/forma-for-construction), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Turnitin — AI detection: 15% of submissions \>80% AI-generated as of October 2025, up from 3% at April 2023 launch](https://www.turnitin.com/press/turnitin-data-shows-transparency-about-ai-use-benefits-students-and-educators), accessed 2026-05-24
- [NAAB — Conditions for Accreditation 2020 Edition, Revised March 2026: outcome-based faculty-of-record accountability framework for architecture programs](https://www.naab.org/accreditation/notice-of-actions), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Federal Reserve FEDS Notes — Educational Exposure to Generative AI (Feb 2026): college major exposure z-scores across disciplines](https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/educational-exposure-to-generative-artificial-intelligence-20250226.html), accessed 2026-05-24
- [Gradescope — AI-assisted answer grouping: cuts grading from ~60 min to ~10 min for large-cohort quantitative exams (applicable to architectural structures and environmental systems courses)](https://www.turnitin.com/products/gradescope/), accessed 2026-05-24

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.