# Registered Nurses

US SOC code 29-1141. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/29-1141

Also called: RN, Staff nurse, Bedside nurse, ICU nurse, ER nurse.

## In brief

The earliest cited figure is an estimate: **10,833** self-identified professional nurses in the 1900 Census. In May 2025, BLS counted **3.38 million** registered nurses. Median pay was **$97,550** a year in May 2025. Of the BLS counts since 2012, the May 2025 count is the highest. The last full technology era for registered nurses: Epic Sepsis Model, 2017 to 2022. Alert fatigue from poorly calibrated AI is now recognized as a patient-safety hazard in its own right.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 5.6% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-1141&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **38.1%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Registered Nurses employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1854
- Latest US employment: 3,379,720 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [4]
- Latest US median pay: $97,550 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [16]
- Outlook: +5.6% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [46]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 31301)
  - Employment, 2020: 324,220. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [7]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 31301 Registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$90,000. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [22]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 31301 Registered nurses and registered psychiatric nurses, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 2237)
  - Employment, 2025: 1,032,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [11]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in Registered nurses (all nursing specialties), United Kingdom, 2025, taken as the sum of the cited cells for SOC 2232 + 2233 + 2234 + 2235 + 2236 + 2237 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £36,775. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [26]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for the dominant constituent group, SOC 2237, within the combined Registered nurses (all nursing specialties) (SOC 2232 + 2233 + 2234 + 2235 + 2236 + 2237), United Kingdom, 2025. Wages are the cited median of the largest constituent group, not a blend. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 2544)
  - Employment, 2025: 361,100. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey March 2026 [12]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 2544 Registered Nurses, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$113,984. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [27]. Annualised (x52) from A$2,192 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile for ANZSCO 2544.

### All 28 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 10,833 (estimate) | $360 (estimate) | Est., Whelan et al. (2009) [1] |
| 1910 | 73,917 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Whelan et al. (2009) [1] |
| 1920 | 116,965 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Whelan et al. (2009) [1] |
| 1930 | 230,482 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Whelan et al. (2009) [1] |
| 1940 | 340,025 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Whelan et al. (2009) [1] |
| 1950 | 415,439 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Whelan et al. (2009) [1] |
| 1956 | n/a | $3,144 (average) | BLS historical bulletin 1956 [14] |
| 1962 | 550,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., US DHHS / NCI [2] |
| 1970 | 722,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., US DHHS / NCI [2] |
| 1980 | 1,273,000 (estimate) | $17,398 (average) | Est., US DHHS / Institute of Medicine (employment) [2]; HRSA nurse survey March 2000 (pay) [15] |
| 1988 | n/a | $28,383 (average) | HRSA nurse survey March 2000 [15] |
| 1992 | n/a | $37,738 (average) | HRSA nurse survey March 2000 [15] |
| 1996 | n/a | $42,071 (average) | HRSA nurse survey March 2000 [15] |
| 2000 | 2,189,670 | n/a | BLS OEWS 2000 [3] |
| 2012 | 2,633,980 | $65,470 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [4] |
| 2013 | 2,661,890 | $66,220 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [4] |
| 2014 | 2,687,310 | $66,640 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [4] |
| 2015 | 2,745,910 | $67,490 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [4] |
| 2016 | 2,857,180 | $68,450 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [4] |
| 2017 | 2,906,840 | $70,000 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [4] |
| 2018 | 2,951,960 | $71,730 | BLS OEWS May 2018 (employment) [4]; BLS OEWS May 2018 (pay) [17] |
| 2019 | 2,982,280 | $73,300 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [4] |
| 2020 | 2,986,500 | $75,330 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [4] |
| 2021 | 3,047,530 | $77,600 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [4] |
| 2022 | 3,072,700 | $81,220 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [4] |
| 2023 | 3,175,390 | $86,070 | BLS OEWS May 2023 (employment) [4]; BLS OEWS May 2023 (pay) [18] |
| 2024 | 3,282,010 | $93,600 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [4] |
| 2025 | 3,379,720 | $97,550 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [4] |

## Sources (104)

### Employment series

1. [Whelan et al. (2009), "Counting Nurses: The Power of Historical Census Data," derived from U.S. decennial census occupation data](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2756047/), Nursing Outlook / U.S. National Library of Medicine (PMC2756047)
2. [US DHHS / NCI — "Meeting Current and Future Needs for Nurses" (NCBI NBK218553)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218553/), National Academy of Sciences / NCBI
3. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
4. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
5. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
6. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
7. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
8. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 3211, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip)
9. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14 (number of employee jobs), 4-digit SOC 2231, United Kingdom, (sum of the cited cells). Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
10. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14 (number of employee jobs), 4-digit SOC 2232 + 2233 + 2234 + 2235 + 2237, United Kingdom, 2022 (sum of the cited cells). Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
11. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14 (number of employee jobs), 4-digit SOC 2232 + 2233 + 2234 + 2235 + 2236 + 2237, United Kingdom, 2025 (sum of the cited cells). Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
12. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), March 2026](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

13. [Whelan et al. (2009) — "Counting Nurses: The Power of Historical Census Data" (earnings context for early 1900s professional nurses)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2756047/), Nursing History Review / PMC
14. [DOL Women's Bureau Handbook (via FRASER): full-time general-duty nurses averaged $262 a month, or $3,144 a year, in the 1956 survey. General-duty (staff) nurses were the bulk of RNs; figure may include estimated maintenance (room/board) per AHA-era methodology.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/women/pages/1955-1959/60594_1955-1959.pdf), BLS-HISTORICAL-BULLETIN
15. [HRSA National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses (March 2000), Chart 9 'Actual and Real Average Annual Salaries of Full-Time Registered Nurses, 1980 to 2000': $17,398 average actual annual salary of full-time RNs (1980).](https://data.hrsa.gov/DataDownload/NSSRN/GeneralPUF00/rnsurvey2000.pdf), HRSA-NSSRN
16. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
17. [BLS OEWS May 2018 — 29-1141 Registered Nurses annual mean wage ($75,510); median interpolated from contemporaneous OOH citation of $71,730](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2018/may/oes291141.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
18. [BLS OEWS May 2023 — 29-1141 Registered Nurses median annual wage](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes291141.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
19. [BLS OEWS May 2024, national cross-industry estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
20. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
21. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
22. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
23. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 3211, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip)
24. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2231, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
25. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2237, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
26. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 2237, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
27. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Registered Nurses (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/2544-registered-nurses), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

28. [Hektoen International — "Florence Nightingale at Scutari"](https://hekint.org/2020/04/23/florence-nightingale-at-scutari/), Hektoen International
29. [Penn Nursing / NHHC — "American Nursing: An Introduction to the Past"](https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/american-nursing-an-introduction-to-the-past/), University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
30. [IBMS — "Penicillin: The War-Time Miracle Drug That Saved Millions"](https://www.ibms.org/resource/penicillin-the-war-time-miracle-drug-that-saved-millions.html), Institute of Biomedical Science
31. [NBER — "Reductions in Mortality Rates and Health Disparities with the Introduction of Penicillin"](https://www.nber.org/bh-20192/reductions-mortality-rates-and-health-disparities-introduction-penicillin), National Bureau of Economic Research
32. [JACC — "The Genesis, Maturation, and Future of Critical Care Cardiology"](https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.036), Journal of the American College of Cardiology
33. [Wikipedia — Coronary care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_care_unit), Wikipedia
34. [AHA CPR History — "History of CPR" (American Heart Association)](https://cpr.heart.org/en/resources/history-of-cpr), American Heart Association
35. [PubMed — "Landmark article July 9, 1960: Closed-chest cardiac massage" (Kouwenhoven et al.)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6374176/), PubMed / JAMA
36. [PMC — "Documentation Burden in Nursing and Its Role in Clinician Burnout Syndrome" (PMC9581587)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9581587/), PMC / Nursing Research
37. [Wikipedia — Bar code medication administration (BCMA history)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_code_medication_administration), Wikipedia
38. [NCBI Bookshelf — "Barcode Medication Administration: Lessons Learned" (Advances in Patient Safety)](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20569/), AHRQ / NCBI
39. [PMC — "Measurement of clinical documentation burden among physicians and nurses using EHRs: a scoping review" (PMC8068426)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8068426/), JAMIA / PMC
40. [JAMA Internal Medicine — "The Epic Sepsis Model Falls Short — The Importance of External Validation" (2021)](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2781313/jamainternal_habib_2021_ed_210007_1627675039.49003.pdf), JAMA Internal Medicine
41. [Michigan Medicine — "Popular sepsis prediction tool less accurate than claimed"](https://www.michiganmedicine.org/health-lab/popular-sepsis-prediction-tool-less-accurate-claimed), Michigan Medicine / University of Michigan
42. [Health Affairs Forefront — "COVID-19's Impact On Nursing Shortages, The Rise Of Travel Nurses, And Price Gouging"](https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20220125.695159/), Health Affairs
43. [Incredible Health — "Traveling nurses can make $200K a year—here's how the field changed during the pandemic"](https://www.incrediblehealth.com/blog/traveling-nurses-can-make-200k-a-year-heres-how-the-field-changed-during-the-pandemic/), Incredible Health
44. [Microsoft Community Hub — "Dragon Copilot for Nurses" (announced late 2025)](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/healthcareandlifesciencesblog/highlights-from-ignite-2025-how-agentic-ai-and-microsoft-copilot-are-empowering-/4474658), Microsoft
45. [AHA Center for Health Innovation — "6 Health Systems Enhancing Care Delivery with Ambient AI Scribes" (2026)](https://www.aha.org/aha-center-health-innovation-market-scan/2026-04-14-6-health-systems-enhancing-care-delivery-ambient-ai-scribes), American Hospital Association

### Forecasts and exposure studies

46. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 29-1141 Registered nurses (2025: 3,465.4 thousand; 2035: 3,660.1 thousand; +5.6%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-1141&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
47. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 29-1141.00, human-rated β 0.381)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

48. [Hektoen International — "Florence Nightingale at Scutari"](https://hekint.org/2020/04/23/florence-nightingale-at-scutari/), Hektoen International
49. [Smithsonian — "Miss Linda Richards: America's First Trained Nurse"](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1444535), Smithsonian Institution
50. [ANA — "Timeline: Progress and potential – celebrating 125 years of ANA"](https://www.myamericannurse.com/timeline-125-years-of-ana/), American Nurse / ANA
51. [ATrain Education — "The History of Nurse Practice Acts"](https://www.atrainceu.com/content/1-history-nurse-practice-acts), ATrain Education
52. [National Archives — "Medicare and Medicaid Act (1965)"](https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/medicare-and-medicaid-act), US National Archives
53. [Wikipedia — Bar code medication administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_code_medication_administration), Wikipedia
54. [PMC — "Documentation Burden in Nursing and Its Role in Clinician Burnout Syndrome"](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9581587/), PMC / Nursing Research
55. [JAMA Internal Medicine — "The Epic Sepsis Model Falls Short" (2021)](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2781313/jamainternal_habib_2021_ed_210007_1627675039.49003.pdf), JAMA Internal Medicine
56. [Health Affairs Forefront — "COVID-19's Impact On Nursing Shortages, The Rise Of Travel Nurses, And Price Gouging"](https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20220125.695159/), Health Affairs

### Predecessors & successors

57. [Penn Nursing / NHHC — "American Nursing: An Introduction to the Past"](https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/american-nursing-an-introduction-to-the-past/), University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing
58. [AACN — Nursing Workforce Fact Sheet (NP growth projection)](https://www.aacnnursing.org/news-data/fact-sheets/nursing-workforce-fact-sheet), American Association of Colleges of Nursing
59. [Health Affairs Forefront — "COVID-19's Impact On Nursing Shortages, The Rise Of Travel Nurses, And Price Gouging"](https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20220125.695159/), Health Affairs

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Registered Nurses (29-1141.00): tasks, technology skills, work context, employment data](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1141.00), accessed 2026-05-23
- [BLS OOH — Registered Nurses: 3.4M employed 2024; +5% growth 2024-2034; 189,100 annual openings](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/registered-nurses.htm), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Microsoft — Dragon Copilot for nurses: first commercially available ambient AI for nursing workflows, GA December 2025](https://news.microsoft.com/source/2025/10/16/microsoft-extends-ai-advancements-in-dragon-copilot-to-nurses-and-partners-to-enhance-patient-care/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [KLAS First Look Report — Abridge Ambient AI for Nursing 2026: 94.3/100 score; Best in KLAS Ambient AI 2025+2026](https://klasresearch.com/report/abridge-ambient-ai-for-nursing-2026-reducing-nursing-workflow-burden-through-ambient-ai-documentation/3998), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Hippocratic AI — Nurse Co-Pilot: 1–4 hrs/shift returned to bedside; co-developed with Cleveland Clinic, Cincinnati Children's, OhioHealth](https://hippocraticai.com/nurse-co-pilot/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Andor Health + Sentara Health — ThinkAndor Virtual Nursing deployed across 1,742 rooms in 12 hospitals, Nov 2025](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/andor-health-and-sentara-health-complete-rollout-of-agentic-ai-powered-thinkandor-virtual-nursing-across-1-742-rooms-across-12-hospitals-302610671.html), accessed 2026-05-23
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- [AHA Market Scan Apr 2025 — AI ambient scribes reducing nursing documentation burden; UCLA Health: 132 min/shift (18%) spent on EHR documentation](https://www.aha.org/aha-center-health-innovation-market-scan/2025-04-29-ai-advances-reduce-burden-nurses-get-fresh-look), accessed 2026-05-23
- [HHS ASTP Sep 2025 — 71% of U.S. non-federal acute care hospitals use AI predictive analytics in EHRs (up from 66% in 2023)](https://nurseseducator.com/predictive-analytics-in-nursing-2026-how-ai-powered-data-is-preventing-sepsis-and-falls-in-71-of-u-s-hospitals/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science): occupational LLM exposure framework](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Abridge Ambient AI for Nursing — converts bedside conversations to structured flowsheet entries; Linked Sources traces each charted row to exact transcript moment; 94.3/100 KLAS score](https://www.abridge.com/platform/nursing), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Microsoft Dragon Copilot for Nurses — captures nurse-patient interactions, drafts flowsheet documentation for nurse review and EHR transfer; GA December 2025](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/industry/healthcare/dragon-admin-center/nursing/), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Hippocratic AI PR Newswire Nov 2025 — 180M+ patient interactions, 99.90% correct clinical advice, 0.00% severe harm events; nurse orders call via EHR; post-call summary auto-filed](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/hippocratic-ai-launches-two-industry-firsts-ai-front-door-and-nurse-co-pilot-to-expand-clinical-care-and-access-302745186.html), accessed 2026-05-23
- [Effectiveness of Nursing Documentation Frameworks (SBAR, SOAP, PIE) — PMC 2025: SBAR remains the standard clinical communication framework for handoffs across acute care](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12431931/), accessed 2026-05-23

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.