# Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers

US SOC code 33-3051. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-3051

Also called: Police officer, Patrol officer, Sheriff's deputy, Deputy sheriff, Law enforcement officer.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **670,520** US police and sheriff's patrol officers, with median pay of **$76,210** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf) of **60,000** from 1900, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for police and sheriff's patrol officers: Drone-as-first-responder + Clearview AI facial recognition, 2018 to 2024.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 3.5% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-3051&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **23.3%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.098** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

### Since the 2013 prediction

In 2013, Frey and Osborne put this job's probability of computerisation at 0.098. BLS counted **635,380** of these jobs in May 2013 and **670,520** in May 2025 (+6%, a change derived by Future History).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1845
- Latest US employment: 670,520 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [5]
- Latest US median pay: $76,210 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [11]
- Outlook: +3.5% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [31]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 42100)
  - Employment, 2020: 73,090. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [6]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 42100 Police officers (except commissioned), Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$111,000. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [14]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 42100 Police officers (except commissioned), Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 3312)
  - Employment, 2022: 289,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2022 [7]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 3312 Police officers (sergeant and below), United Kingdom, 2022 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2022: £44,037. Source: ONS ASHE 2022 [15]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 3312 Police officers (sergeant and below), United Kingdom, 2022. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 4413)
  - Employment, 2025: 75,300. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey March 2026 [8]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 4413 Police, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$133,120. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [16]. Annualised (x52) from A$2,560 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile for ANZSCO 4413.

### All 28 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 60,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., BJS [1] |
| 1930 | 130,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program [2] |
| 1960 | 200,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., FBI [2] |
| 1975 | 315,000 (estimate) | $13,500 (estimate) | Est., Presley Center UCR Data Compendium (employment) [3]; Est., Bureau of Labor Statistics (pay) [9] |
| 2000 | 571,210 | $39,000 (estimate) | BLS OEWS 2000 (employment) [4]; Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook (pay) [10] |
| 2003 | 609,960 | $44,020 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [5] |
| 2004 | 616,340 | $45,210 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [5] |
| 2005 | 624,130 | $46,290 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [5] |
| 2006 | 624,380 | $47,460 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [5] |
| 2007 | 625,880 | $49,630 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [5] |
| 2008 | 633,710 | $51,410 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [5] |
| 2009 | 641,590 | $53,210 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [5] |
| 2010 | 644,300 | $53,540 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [5] |
| 2011 | 636,410 | $54,230 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [5] |
| 2012 | 632,000 | $55,270 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [5] |
| 2013 | 635,380 | $56,130 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [5] |
| 2014 | 638,810 | $56,810 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [5] |
| 2015 | 653,740 | $58,320 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [5] |
| 2016 | 657,690 | $59,680 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [5] |
| 2017 | 662,390 | $61,050 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [5] |
| 2018 | 661,330 | $61,380 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [5] |
| 2019 | 665,280 | $63,150 | BLS OEWS May 2019 (employment) [5]; BLS OEWS May 2019 (pay) [12] |
| 2020 | 654,900 | $65,540 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [5] |
| 2021 | 665,380 | $64,610 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [5] |
| 2022 | 655,890 | $65,790 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [5] |
| 2023 | 646,310 | $72,280 | BLS OEWS May 2023 (employment) [5]; BLS OEWS May 2023 (pay) [13] |
| 2024 | 666,990 | $76,290 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [5] |
| 2025 | 670,520 | $76,210 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [5] |

## Sources (111)

### Employment series

1. [BJS — "National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data" (NCJ-246402), historical survey coverage context for pre-1930 police employment](https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf), Bureau of Justice Statistics
2. [FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program — launch 1930, historical police employee data series (coverage notes for early collection years)](https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/topic-pages/police-employee-data), Federal Bureau of Investigation
3. [Presley Center UCR Data Compendium — Police Employee Data 1971–2018 (UCR sworn officer series, 1975 data range)](https://presleycenter.ucr.edu/data-compendium/2018/01/01/police-employee-data-1971-2018), Presley Center for Crime and Justice Studies / UCR
4. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
5. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
6. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
7. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 3312, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip)
8. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), March 2026](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

9. [BLS CPI-U inflation calculator (historical wage context, 1975 nominal to 2024 real conversion); estimate anchored in documented municipal PBA/FOP contract wage scales ~$11,000–$14,000 for starting officers; wide departmental variance (large-city union vs. rural department). BJS historical law enforcement wage surveys.](https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
10. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Police and Detectives (historical wage context, circa 2000 edition; national median ~$38,000–$40,000)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/protective-service/police-and-detectives.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
11. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
12. [BLS OEWS May 2019 — 33-3051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers (median annual wage $63,150)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2019/may/oes333051.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
13. [BLS OEWS May 2023 — 33-3051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers (median annual wage $72,280; wide variance: bottom 10% below $42,000, top 10% above $112,000)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes333051.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
14. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
15. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 3312, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip)
16. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Police (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/4413-police), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

17. [NYC Police Museum — 'The Remarkable Evolution of NYC Police History: From Watchmen to the NYPD' (1845 founding, early tool kit, walking beat)](https://www.nycpolicemuseum.org/the-remarkable-evolution-of-nyc-police-history-from-watchmen-to-the-nypd/), NYC Police Museum
18. [Wikipedia — History of the New York City Police Department (1845 Municipal Police Act, 900-officer founding force, blue uniform introduced 1853)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_New_York_City_Police_Department), Wikipedia / cited primary sources
19. [Wikipedia — Police call box (Albany NY 1877 introduction, national adoption in major US cities)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_call_box), Wikipedia / cited primary sources
20. [Berkeleyside — 'Remembering August Vollmer, the Berkeley police chief who created modern policing' (motorized patrol, radio, scientific methods)](https://www.berkeleyside.org/2010/01/27/remembering-august-vollmer-the-berkeley-police-chief-who-created-modern-policing), Berkeleyside
21. [August Vollmer — Wikipedia (Berkeley CA 1909+; first police car radio, fingerprint classification, university police education program 1916)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmer), Wikipedia / cited primary sources
22. [National Emergency Number Association (NENA) — 'History of 9-1-1' (Haleyville AL first 911 call February 16, 1968; 93% national coverage by 1999)](https://www.nena.org/page/911overviewfacts), National Emergency Number Association
23. [CompStat — Wikipedia (NYPD 1994 launch, William Bratton, Jack Maple, four core elements, national adoption)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStat), Wikipedia / cited primary sources
24. [DOJ — 'Justice Department Awards over $23 Million in Funding for Body-Worn Camera Pilot Program' (post-Ferguson federal body-cam funding, 500 awards to 47 states)](https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/justice-department-awards-over-23-million-funding-body-worn-camera-pilot-program-support-law), US Department of Justice
25. [Flock Safety — press: company operates in 5,000+ communities, 49 US states, $8.4B valuation as of 2026 (Flock founded 2017; LPR market coverage)](https://techstartups.com/2026/04/17/flock-safety-hits-8-4b-valuation-as-ai-powered-police-tech-sparks-nationwide-protests/), Tech Startups / Flock Safety
26. [NPR — 'Chicago not renewing ShotSpotter gunfire detection contract' (February 2024; Chicago spent $49M since 2018, ended contract)](https://www.npr.org/2024/02/15/1231394334/shotspotter-gunfire-detection-chicago-mayor-dropping), NPR
27. [Chula Vista Police Department / COPS Office — UAS Drone as First Responder program (launched October 22, 2018; FAA IPP partnership; 1,000+ missions, 120+ arrests)](https://portal.cops.usdoj.gov/resourcecenter/content.ashx/cops-r1170-pub.pdf), US Department of Justice COPS Office
28. [The Register — 'US police have run nearly 1M Clearview AI searches' (2023; nearly 1 million searches, 2,000 agencies, 3B+ scraped images)](https://www.theregister.com/2023/03/28/us_police_clearview/), The Register
29. [Axon investor release — 'Axon reimagines report writing with Draft One, a first-of-its-kind AI-powered force multiplier for public safety' (April 23, 2024)](https://investor.axon.com/2024-04-23-Axon-reimagines-report-writing-with-Draft-One,-a-first-of-its-kind-AI-powered-force-multiplier-for-public-safety), Axon Enterprise
30. [Microsoft Customer Stories — 'Axon enhances public safety and cuts report-writing time in half using Draft One' (GPT-4 Turbo, Azure, 82% time reduction, 2.2M minutes saved)](https://www.microsoft.com/en/customers/story/19236-axon-enterprise-azure), Microsoft / Axon Enterprise

### Forecasts and exposure studies

31. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 33-3051 Police and sheriff's patrol officers (2025: 693.2 thousand; 2035: 717.3 thousand; +3.5%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-3051&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
32. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 33-3051 Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers: probability 0.098, rank 167 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
33. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 33-3051.00, human-rated β 0.233)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

34. [NYC Police Museum — 'The Remarkable Evolution of NYC Police History: From Watchmen to the NYPD' (May 23, 1845 Municipal Police Act, 800-man founding force)](https://www.nycpolicemuseum.org/the-remarkable-evolution-of-nyc-police-history-from-watchmen-to-the-nypd/), NYC Police Museum
35. [Berkeleyside — 'Remembering August Vollmer, the Berkeley police chief who created modern policing' (1909 appointment, fingerprinting, car radio, university program)](https://www.berkeleyside.org/2010/01/27/remembering-august-vollmer-the-berkeley-police-chief-who-created-modern-policing), Berkeleyside
36. [Smithsonian Magazine — 'The 1968 Kerner Commission Got It Right, But Nobody Listened' (Kerner Report findings: police brutality, community policing, two-society warning)](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1968-kerner-commission-got-it-right-nobody-listened-180968318/), Smithsonian Magazine
37. [Wilson & Kelling — 'Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety,' The Atlantic, March 1982 (broken windows theory, order maintenance policing)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory), Wikipedia / The Atlantic (1982)
38. [CompStat — Wikipedia (NYPD 1994 launch under Commissioner Bratton and Jack Maple; precinct accountability meetings, crime-data mapping, national adoption)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompStat), Wikipedia / cited primary sources
39. [DOJ — 'Justice Department Announces $20 Million in Funding to Support Body-Worn Camera Pilot Program' (December 2014 announcement, post-Ferguson body-cam policy)](https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-20-million-funding-support-body-worn-camera-pilot-program), US Department of Justice
40. [PERF — 'New PERF survey shows police agencies have turned a corner with staffing challenges' (2024; 5.5% staffing decline 2020–2024, 91% authorized strength)](https://www.policeforum.org/staffing2024), Police Executive Research Forum
41. [Axon investor release — 'Axon reimagines report writing with Draft One' (April 23, 2024; GPT-4 Turbo, 100,000+ reports, 2.2M minutes saved)](https://investor.axon.com/2024-04-23-Axon-reimagines-report-writing-with-Draft-One,-a-first-of-its-kind-AI-powered-force-multiplier-for-public-safety), Axon Enterprise

### Predecessors & successors

42. [BJS / PERF — veteran hiring in law enforcement; veterans historically represent 20–25% of new police officer hires nationally](https://bjs.ojp.gov/data-collection/law-enforcement-management-and-administrative-statistics-lemas), Bureau of Justice Statistics
43. [August Vollmer — UC Berkeley criminal justice program 1916; Vollmer first US chief to require college degrees; university-to-policing pipeline established early 20th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Vollmer), Wikipedia / cited primary sources

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers (33-3051.00): tasks, skills, knowledge areas, median wage $76,290/yr, 698,800 positions, 3-4% growth through 2034](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-3051.00), accessed 2026-05-30
- [BLS OEWS May 2024 — Police and Patrol Officers: 666,990 employed nationally; median annual wage $79,320; median hourly $38.13; California top state at $111,630](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes333051.htm), accessed 2026-05-30
- [PERF Staffing Survey 2024 — agencies at 91% authorized strength; sworn staffing 5.2% below 2020; 65% reduced services due to shortages; nearly 18% of commissioned personnel retirement-eligible](https://www.policeforum.org/staffing2024), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Axon 2025 AI in Law Enforcement Trends Report — 500+ law enforcement professionals surveyed; officers spend 36% of time on community policing; 14% of departments at full capacity; Draft One processed 100,000+ reports saving 2.2 million minutes](https://www.axon.com/resources/2025-ai-in-law-enforcement-trends-report), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science): patrol officers have moderate-low LLM exposure; physical patrol and use-of-force outside substitution range; report writing is highest LLM-adjacent task cluster](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Axon Draft One product launch April 2024 — GPT-4-class LLM generates narrative from body-cam audio within 5 minutes; Leon County Sheriff's Office: report time reduced 24.6 → 9.46 minutes; officers must review and sign before submission](https://investor.axon.com/2024-04-23-Axon-reimagines-report-writing-with-Draft-One,-a-first-of-its-kind-AI-powered-force-multiplier-for-public-safety), accessed 2026-05-30
- [EFF — Axon Draft One transparency concerns 2025: original draft erased on export; Utah SB 180 and California SB 524 require AI disclosure on police reports](https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/07/axons-draft-one-designed-defy-transparency), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Flock Safety ALPR — 5,000+ communities, 49 US states, 20B+ vehicle scans/month; natural language search of surveillance data; valuation $7.5B (2025); EFF/ACLU privacy controversy](https://www.flocksafety.com/products/license-plate-readers), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Geolitica/PredPol shut down December 31 2023 — The Markup: \<0.5% prediction accuracy at Plainfield PD; racial bias in deployment; LAPD ended program 2020; 7 senators demanded DOJ halt funding January 2024](https://themarkup.org/prediction-bias/2023/10/02/predictive-policing-software-terrible-at-predicting-crimes), accessed 2026-05-30
- [BRINC Drones — $75M raised April 2025; Guardian drone Starlink-connected, 8-mile range; DFR programs clear 20-40% of calls without officer dispatch per IACP 2025 data](https://techcrunch.com/2025/04/08/a-25-year-old-police-drone-founder-just-raised-75m-led-by-index/), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Axon Draft One GA April 2024 — body-cam audio → LLM draft within 5 min; Leon County: 24.6 → 9.46 min average; 100,000+ reports processed, 2.2 million minutes saved by end 2025](https://www.axon.com/products/draft-one), accessed 2026-05-30
- [Truleo body-cam audio AI analytics — ~$50/officer/month; analyzes 100% of BWC footage; professionalism scoring; automated report drafts via Amazon Bedrock; Seattle PD renewed 2-year contract 2025](https://truleo.co/for-patrol-officers), accessed 2026-05-30
- [PropPublica — Police departments using AI to analyze millions of hours of unreviewed body-cam footage; Truleo deployed in CA, AL, PA, FL departments](https://www.propublica.org/article/police-body-cameras-video-ai-law-enforcement), accessed 2026-05-30
- [IACP 2025 — DFR programs arrive on scene in under 2 minutes, clear 20-40% of calls without officer dispatch, reduce use-of-force incidents, improve officer safety on high-risk calls](https://www.carahsoft.com/blog/top-5-insights-iacp-annual-blog-2025), accessed 2026-05-30

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.