# First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers

US SOC code 37-1011. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-1011

Also called: Housekeeping supervisor, Janitorial supervisor, Housekeeping manager, Executive housekeeper, Environmental services supervisor.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **178,760** US first-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers, with median pay of **$49,100** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2021, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/occupations/occupations-part-2.pdf) of **35,000** from 1900, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era in this work: Autonomous floor-cleaning robots, 2020 to 2024.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 3.2% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-1011&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **25.5%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **1%** of work tasks in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations, this job's group, are exposed to automation by AI. Not a forecast of job losses. [Goldman Sachs, 2023](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.pdf)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend.

## First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1850
- Latest US employment: 178,760 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [5]
- Latest US median pay: $49,100 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [11]
- Outlook: +3.2% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [26]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 62024)
  - Employment, 2020: 15,075. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [8]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income, the EXACT SUM of the cited cells for NOC 62021 + 62024 (this US occupation has no single NOC unit-group equivalent), combined as Executive housekeepers and cleaning supervisors, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. A sum of cited cells, not an estimate. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$51,200. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [14]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 62024 Cleaning supervisors, the dominant constituent of the combined Executive housekeepers and cleaning supervisors (NOC 62021 + 62024), Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). This is the cited median of the dominant group, not a blend of the constituent medians. Statistics Canada Open Licence.

### All 28 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 35,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., US Census Bureau [1] |
| 1950 | 68,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., IPUMS USA [2] |
| 1956 | n/a | $3,400 (estimate) | Est., Author estimate for head housekeepers /… [9] |
| 1980 | 165,000 | $12,500 | Decennial Census 1980 (employment) [3]; BLS historical bulletin (pay) [10] |
| 2000 | 203,840 | n/a | BLS OEWS 2000 [4] |
| 2003 | 203,770 | $28,670 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [5] |
| 2004 | 199,990 | $29,510 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [5] |
| 2005 | 186,870 | $30,330 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [5] |
| 2006 | 182,690 | $31,290 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [5] |
| 2007 | 179,850 | $32,850 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [5] |
| 2008 | 183,560 | $33,980 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [5] |
| 2009 | 177,730 | $34,810 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [5] |
| 2010 | 172,610 | $35,090 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [5] |
| 2011 | 171,960 | $35,230 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [5] |
| 2012 | 170,690 | $35,310 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [5] |
| 2013 | 169,920 | $35,680 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [5] |
| 2014 | 168,960 | $36,270 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [5] |
| 2015 | 166,920 | $37,050 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [5] |
| 2016 | 161,140 | $38,190 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [5] |
| 2017 | 155,090 | $39,230 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [5] |
| 2018 | 154,180 | $39,940 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [5] |
| 2019 | 155,550 | $40,780 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [5] |
| 2020 | 141,260 | $42,040 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [5] |
| 2021 | 153,640 | $39,630 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [5] |
| 2022 | 165,750 | $44,440 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [5] |
| 2023 | 171,120 | $46,650 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [5] |
| 2024 | 174,660 | $47,520 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [5] |
| 2025 | 178,760 | $49,100 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [5] |

## Sources (87)

### Employment series

1. [US Census Bureau — "Occupations at the Twelfth Census" (1900), Table 41: persons 10 years and over engaged in selected occupations](https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/occupations/occupations-part-2.pdf), US Census Bureau
2. [IPUMS USA — OCC1950 variable documentation: 1950 Census Bureau occupational classification system applied to historical Census samples (building service workers and charwomen in the service occupation codes)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/OCC1950), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
3. [IPUMS USA — 1980 Occupation Codes: "Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers" in the Cleaning and Building Service Occupations grouping (1980 Census occupational classification)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/occ1980.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
4. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
5. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
6. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
7. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
8. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada

### Wage series

9. [Author estimate for head housekeepers / chief janitors, derived from BLS 1950s building-service wage data (~$45-60/week non-supervisory) plus a 20-30% supervisory premium](https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1950-1959), Future History estimate (basis: BLS Occupational Wage Surveys, 1950s)
10. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1980-81 — service occupations: building service workers and supervisors (weekly wage data)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/history/ooh1980.pdf), Bureau of Labor Statistics
11. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
12. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
13. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
14. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada

### Tool eras

15. [National Register of Historic Places — Tremont House, Boston (1829): "the first large American hotel requiring a differentiated service staff, including a resident housekeeper"](https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/index.htm), National Park Service
16. [American Hotel and Lodging Educational Institute (AHLEI) — "History of Housekeeping in American Hotels" (historical housekeeping operations)](https://ahlei.servsafebrands.com/resources-overview), American Hotel and Lodging Educational Institute
17. [Smithsonian Institution — "The Vacuum Cleaner: A Hundred Year History" (Hoover upright vacuum commercial adoption 1908-1920s)](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1316372), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
18. [HFTP (Hospitality Financial and Technology Professionals) — "A Brief History of Hotel Technology" (PMS systems 1970s-1990s)](https://www.hftp.org/publications/), Hospitality Financial and Technology Professionals
19. [TEAM Software (WinTeam) — "25 Years of Building Better Businesses" (company history 1995-2020, janitorial ERP)](https://teamsoftware.com/winteam), TEAM Software
20. [SafetyCulture — "SafetyCulture iAuditor: janitorial inspection software" (platform history and deployment scale)](https://safetyculture.com/apps/janitorial-inspection-software), SafetyCulture
21. [Swept — "Janitorial inspection software: unlimited inspection points, client-ready reports" (platform overview)](https://sweptworks.com/janitorial-inspection-software), Swept
22. [Brain Corp — "BrainOS Clean 2.0 with SelfPath AI: 40,000+ robots deployed, +22% coverage" (April 2026)](https://www.braincorp.com/floor-care), Brain Corp
23. [Robotics Tomorrow — "Brain Corp launches BrainOS Clean 2.0 with SelfPath AI: advancing adaptive autonomy for Tennant Company floor cleaning robots" (April 7, 2026)](https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2026/04/07/brain-corp-launches-brainos-clean-20-with-selfpath-ai-advancing-adaptive-autonomy-for-tennant-company-floor-cleaning-robots/26371/), Robotics Tomorrow
24. [Deputy — "AI-powered hospitality workforce management: demand forecasting, intelligent scheduling" (2025)](https://www.deputy.com/industry/hospitality), Deputy
25. [Workeen AI — "Hospitality shift management: housekeeping schedule optimization and last-minute change notifications" (2025)](https://workeen.ai/hospitality/), Workeen AI

### Forecasts and exposure studies

26. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 37-1011 First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers (2025: 265.2 thousand; 2035: 273.6 thousand; +3.2%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-1011&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
27. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 37-1011.00, human-rated β 0.255)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI
28. [Briggs & Kodnani, "The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth", Goldman Sachs Global Economics Analyst (26 March 2023), Exhibit 5 (US): building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 1%](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.pdf), Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research

### Historical notes

29. [OSHA — "About OSHA: History" (Occupational Safety and Health Act, December 29, 1970)](https://www.osha.gov/aboutosha), Occupational Safety and Health Administration
30. [ISSA — "ISSA History: 100 Years of Cleaning Industry Leadership" (founded 1923, training programs and CIMS standard development)](https://www.issa.com/about/history), ISSA Worldwide Cleaning Industry Association
31. [Association for the Healthcare Environment (AHE) — "CHESP: Certified Health Care Environmental Services Professional" (credential overview and exam domains)](https://www.ahe.org/designations/chesp), Association for the Healthcare Environment / AHA
32. [CDC WASH — "When and How to Clean and Disinfect a Facility" (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene program guidance for commercial and institutional facility cleaning and disinfection)](https://www.cdc.gov/hygiene/index.html), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

### Predecessors & successors

33. [IPUMS USA — OCC1950 variable documentation: 1950 Census Bureau occupational classification, covering domestic service and building service workers (includes head housekeepers in hotels and large private households)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/OCC1950), IPUMS / University of Minnesota

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 : First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers (37-1011.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-1011.00), accessed 2026-06-05
- [BLS OEWS May 2024 : 37-1011: 269,800 employed, median $47,520/yr, 6% growth projected 2024-2034](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2024/may/featured_data.htm), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Eloundou et al. (2023) : GPTs are GPTs (Science 2024): physical supervision tasks near-zero LLM exposure](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj0998), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Deputy : AI-powered hospitality workforce management: demand forecasting, intelligent scheduling (2025)](https://www.deputy.com/industry/hospitality), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Workeen AI : Hospitality shift management: housekeeping schedule optimization and notifications (2025)](https://workeen.ai/hospitality/), accessed 2026-06-05
- [SafetyCulture : Janitorial Inspection Software: digital checklists, photo evidence, performance analytics](https://safetyculture.com/apps/janitorial-inspection-software), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Brain Corp : BrainOS Clean 2.0 with SelfPath AI: 40,000+ robots deployed, +22% coverage (April 2026)](https://www.roboticstomorrow.com/news/2026/04/07/brain-corp-launches-brainos-clean-20-with-selfpath-ai-advancing-adaptive-autonomy-for-tennant-company-floor-cleaning-robots/26371/), accessed 2026-06-05
- [himalayas.app : Housekeeping Supervisor career guide: promotion timelines, skills, pivots to facilities management (2025)](https://himalayas.app/career-guides/housekeeping-supervisor), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Deputy AI : conversational scheduling assistant: shift replacement, timesheet approval, demand forecasting (2025)](https://www.deputy.com/blog/data-driven-hotel-staffing-the-tools-metrics-you-need-for-accurate-labour-forecasting), accessed 2026-06-05
- [WinTeam : janitorial ERP: job costing, payroll integration, analytics and reporting for contractors](https://teamsoftware.com/winteam), accessed 2026-06-05

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.