# Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers

US SOC code 37-3011. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-3011

Also called: Landscaper, Groundskeeper, Grounds maintenance worker, Lawn care technician, Greenskeeper.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **952,640** US landscaping and groundskeeping workers, with median pay of **$39,150** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2020, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://www.thecollector.com/the-creation-of-central-park/) of **4,000** from 1859, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for landscaping and groundskeeping workers: GPS fleet management, estimating software, and smart irrigation controllers, 1990 to 2015.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 4.7% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-3011&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **2.4%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.95** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1858
- Latest US employment: 952,640 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [6]
- Latest US median pay: $39,150 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [17]
- Outlook: +4.7% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [37]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 85121)
  - Employment, 2020: 109,675. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [10]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 85121 Landscaping and grounds maintenance labourers, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$42,800. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [20]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 85121 Landscaping and grounds maintenance labourers, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 5113)
  - Employment, 2025: 33,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [11]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 5113 Gardeners and landscape gardeners, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £27,057. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [21]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 5113 Gardeners and landscape gardeners, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 8414)
  - Employment, 2025: 34,400. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [12]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 8414 Garden and Nursery Labourers, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.

### All 32 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1859 | 4,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., The Collector [1] |
| 1900 | 75,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1900 [2] |
| 1950 | 200,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Pennington [3] |
| 1952 | n/a | $2,100 (estimate) | Est., University of Missouri Libraries [13] |
| 1979 | 400,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Wikipedia / NALP [4] |
| 1988 | n/a | $11,960 | BLS CPS 1988 [14] |
| 1996 | n/a | $15,600 | BLS CPS 1996 [15] |
| 2000 | 754,340 | n/a | BLS OEWS 2000 [5] |
| 2002 | n/a | $19,770 | BLS OEWS 2002 [16] |
| 2003 | 819,780 | $19,940 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [6] |
| 2004 | 860,200 | $20,420 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [6] |
| 2005 | 896,690 | $20,670 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [6] |
| 2006 | 924,330 | $21,260 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [6] |
| 2007 | 932,730 | $22,240 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [6] |
| 2008 | 921,900 | $23,150 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [6] |
| 2009 | 859,960 | $23,480 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [6] |
| 2010 | 829,350 | $23,400 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [6] |
| 2011 | 821,750 | $23,410 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [6] |
| 2012 | 830,640 | $23,570 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [6] |
| 2013 | 839,780 | $23,940 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [6] |
| 2014 | 868,770 | $24,290 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [6] |
| 2015 | 895,600 | $25,030 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [6] |
| 2016 | 906,570 | $26,320 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [6] |
| 2017 | 912,360 | $27,670 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [6] |
| 2018 | 913,480 | $29,000 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [6] |
| 2019 | 912,660 | $30,440 | BLS OEWS May 2019 (employment) [7]; BLS OEWS May 2019 (pay) [17] |
| 2020 | 872,370 | $31,730 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [6] |
| 2021 | 892,450 | $34,430 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [6] |
| 2022 | 914,230 | $35,890 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [6] |
| 2023 | 929,930 | $37,360 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [6] |
| 2024 | 943,430 | $38,090 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [6] |
| 2025 | 952,640 | $39,150 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [6] |

## Sources (115)

### Employment series

1. [The Collector -- "The Creation of Central Park, NY: Vaux and Olmsted's Greensward Plan" (4,000 workers employed during park construction)](https://www.thecollector.com/the-creation-of-central-park/), The Collector
2. [US Census Bureau -- 1900 Decennial Census Occupations Report (gardeners, nurserymen, and landscape laborers tabulation)](https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/occupations/1900-census-occupations-1.pdf), US Census Bureau
3. [Pennington -- "The History of the American Lawn" (post-WWII suburban boom and power mower sales: 139,000 units in 1946 to 4.2 million by 1959)](https://www.pennington.com/all-products/grass-seed/resources/the-history-of-the-american-lawn), Pennington Seed
4. [National Association of Landscape Professionals -- Wikipedia article (PLCAA founded 1979; ALCA founded 1961; industry professionalization timeline)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Landscape_Professionals), Wikipedia / NALP
5. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
6. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
7. [BLS OEWS May 2019 -- 37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers (912,660 employed; mean annual wage $32,360)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2019/may/oes373011.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
8. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
9. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
10. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
11. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 5113, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
12. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

13. [University of Missouri Libraries -- "Prices and Wages by Decade: 1950-1959" (BLS service-industry wage index, grounds maintenance workers, ~$2,100/yr)](https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1950-1959), University of Missouri Libraries
14. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1990-91: median weekly earnings of gardeners and groundskeepers who usually worked full-time were about $230 in 1988 (about $11,960 a year); the middle 50 percent earned between $185 and $330 a week.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/occupational-outlook-handbook-3964/occupational-outlook-handbook-1990-91-edition-583132/fulltext), BLS-CPS
15. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1998-99: landscapers and groundskeepers had median weekly earnings of about $300 in 1996 (about $15,600 a year); the middle 50 percent earned between $220 and $410 a week.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/occupational-outlook-handbook-3964/occupational-outlook-handbook-1998-99-edition-583136/fulltext), BLS-CPS
16. [BLS OES 2002 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes02nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
17. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
18. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2006, Table 97-563-XCB2006069 (Wage and salary statistics by occupation, NOC-S 2006), income reference year 2005](https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&PID=96285), Statistics Canada
19. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2016, Table 98-400-X2016356 (Occupation by employment income statistics, NOC 2016), income reference year 2015](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/98-400-X2016356), Statistics Canada
20. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
21. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 5113, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)

### Tool eras

22. [The Collector -- "The Creation of Central Park, NY: Vaux and Olmsted's Greensward Plan" (1859 construction workforce and methods)](https://www.thecollector.com/the-creation-of-central-park/), The Collector
23. [Encyclopedia.com -- Landscape Architecture (pre-mechanical era grounds maintenance methods)](https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/botany/botany-general/landscape-architecture), Encyclopedia.com
24. [Connecticut History -- "Reel Lawn Mower Patent -- Today in History: January 28" (Amariah Hills, 1868 patent)](https://connecticuthistory.org/reel-lawn-mower-patent-today-in-history/), Connecticut Humanities / Connecticut History
25. [LawnStarter -- "The History of Lawn Mowers" (1870 McGuire lightweight mower; 50,000 units/year by 1885)](https://www.lawnstarter.com/lawn-care/history-of-lawn-care), LawnStarter
26. [Pennington -- "The History of the American Lawn" (power mower sales: 139,000 units 1946 to 4.2 million by 1959)](https://www.pennington.com/all-products/grass-seed/resources/the-history-of-the-american-lawn), Pennington Seed
27. [National Association of Landscape Professionals -- Wikipedia article (ALCA founded 1961)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Landscape_Professionals), Wikipedia / NALP
28. [College Board AP Central -- "Lawn and Landscape in World Context, 1945-2000" (leaf blower introduced 1970s; Latino workforce; ChemLawn commercial expansion)](https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/series/america-on-the-world-stage/lawn-and-landscape-world-context-1945-2000), College Board / AP Central
29. [Landscape Management -- "Timeline: History of TruGreen, Scotts LawnService" (ChemLawn 1969; TruGreen 1973-74; PLCAA 1979)](https://www.landscapemanagement.net/timeline-history-of-trugreen-scotts-lawnservice/), Landscape Management
30. [Rachio -- Smart Watering technology overview (Rachio launched 2014; EPA WaterSense certified; 30-50% water reduction)](https://rachio.com/smart-watering), Rachio
31. [PRNewswire -- "Jobber unveils new AI features for home service businesses" (Jobber launched 2011; 2025 AI expansion)](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/industry-leader-jobber-unveils-exciting-new-ai-offerings-for-home-service-businesses-302567290.html), PRNewswire / Jobber
32. [LawnStarter -- "Latest Landscaping Industry Statistics and Data" (H-2B visa share: landscaping receives 31.3% of seasonal-worker allocations)](https://www.lawnstarter.com/blog/statistics/latest-landscaping-industry-statistics-and-data-for-2019/), LawnStarter
33. [Aspire Software -- PropertyIntel property measurement and estimating tool (Feb 2023)](https://www.youraspire.com/news/aspire-software-announces-launch-of-online-property-intelligence-tool-propertyintel), Aspire Software
34. [Husqvarna -- Automower 560 EPOS commercial robotic mower launch (Apr 2026)](https://www.husqvarna.com/us/discover/press-room/2026/560epos/), Husqvarna
35. [PRWeb -- Oso Electric Equipment acquires Electric Sheep Robotics (Oct 2025)](https://www.prweb.com/releases/oso-electric-equipment-acquires-electric-sheep-robotics-accelerating-the-future-of-autonomous-outdoor-work-302591227.html), PRWeb / Oso Electric Equipment
36. [GMInsights -- Robotic Lawn Mower Market (18.4% CAGR through 2031)](https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/robotic-lawn-mower-market), Global Market Insights

### Forecasts and exposure studies

37. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 37-3011 Landscaping and groundskeeping workers (2025: 1,188.6 thousand; 2035: 1,244.2 thousand; +4.7%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-3011&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
38. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers: probability 0.95, rank 623 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
39. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 37-3011.00, human-rated β 0.024)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

40. [The Collector -- "The Creation of Central Park, NY: Vaux and Olmsted's Greensward Plan"](https://www.thecollector.com/the-creation-of-central-park/), The Collector
41. [Connecticut History -- "Reel Lawn Mower Patent -- Today in History: January 28" (Amariah Hills, 1868)](https://connecticuthistory.org/reel-lawn-mower-patent-today-in-history/), Connecticut Humanities / Connecticut History
42. [National Association of Landscape Professionals -- Wikipedia article (ALCA founded 1961; PLCAA founded 1979; PLANET 2005; NALP 2015)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Landscape_Professionals), Wikipedia / NALP
43. [Landscape Management -- "Timeline: History of TruGreen, Scotts LawnService" (ChemLawn 1969; Ecolab acquisition 1987; ServiceMaster 1992)](https://www.landscapemanagement.net/timeline-history-of-trugreen-scotts-lawnservice/), Landscape Management
44. [College Board AP Central -- "Lawn and Landscape in World Context, 1945-2000" (Latino workforce entry from 1980s; 45% of landscaping fatalities by early 2000s)](https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/series/america-on-the-world-stage/lawn-and-landscape-world-context-1945-2000), College Board / AP Central
45. [Husqvarna Group -- History timeline (Solar Mower introduced 1995; 1 millionth robotic mower sold by 2021)](https://www.husqvarnagroup.com/en/history-timeline), Husqvarna Group
46. [LawnStarter -- "Latest Landscaping Industry Statistics and Data" (industry revenue: $99 billion in 2019; $188.8 billion by 2025)](https://www.lawnstarter.com/blog/statistics/latest-landscaping-industry-statistics-and-data-for-2019/), LawnStarter
47. [Husqvarna -- Commercial Robotic Lawn Mowers (CEORA and EPOS platform history)](https://www.husqvarna.com/us/robotic-lawn-mowers/commercial-robotic-lawn-mowers/), Husqvarna US

### Predecessors & successors

48. [The Collector -- "The Creation of Central Park, NY: Vaux and Olmsted's Greensward Plan"](https://www.thecollector.com/the-creation-of-central-park/), The Collector
49. [College Board AP Central -- "Lawn and Landscape in World Context, 1945-2000" (Latino agricultural workers entering landscape industry from 1980s)](https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/series/america-on-the-world-stage/lawn-and-landscape-world-context-1945-2000), College Board / AP Central
50. [BLS OOH -- Grounds Maintenance Workers (first-line supervisor pathway)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/grounds-maintenance-workers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Present-day analysis

- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Grounds Maintenance Workers (2024-2034)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/grounds-maintenance-workers.htm), accessed 2026-06-03
- [O\*NET 30.3 — Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers (37-3011.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-3011.00), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Husqvarna — Automower 560 EPOS commercial robotic mower launch (Apr 2026)](https://www.husqvarna.com/us/discover/press-room/2026/560epos/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [PRWeb — Oso Electric Equipment acquires Electric Sheep Robotics (Oct 2025)](https://www.prweb.com/releases/oso-electric-equipment-acquires-electric-sheep-robotics-accelerating-the-future-of-autonomous-outdoor-work-302591227.html), accessed 2026-06-03
- [PRNewswire — Jobber unveils new AI features for home service businesses (2025)](https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/industry-leader-jobber-unveils-exciting-new-ai-offerings-for-home-service-businesses-302567290.html), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Aspire Software — PropertyIntel property measurement and estimating tool launch (Feb 2023)](https://www.youraspire.com/news/aspire-software-announces-launch-of-online-property-intelligence-tool-propertyintel), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Rachio — 150 billion gallons saved milestone (Apr 2023)](https://rachio.com/newsroom/150-billion-gallons-saved-decade-conservation), accessed 2026-06-03
- [MarketsandMarkets — Smart Irrigation Market 2025-2030 (USD 1.59B to USD 2.65B, CAGR 10.8%)](https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/smart-irrigation-market-199758913.html), accessed 2026-06-03
- [GMInsights — Robotic Lawn Mower Market (18.4% CAGR through 2031)](https://www.gminsights.com/industry-analysis/robotic-lawn-mower-market), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Robotics and Automation News — The future of landscaping: autonomous technology (Jul 2025)](https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2025/07/02/the-future-of-landscaping-autonomous-technology-is-mowing-the-path-ahead/92825/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [ISA — Certified Arborist Program Guide (revised Aug 2025)](https://www.isa-arbor.com/credentials/types-of-credentials/isa-certified-arborist), accessed 2026-06-03
- [BLS OES — Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers median wage May 2024 ($38,090) (national flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), accessed 2026-10-07
- [Aspire Software 2026 Commercial Landscape Industry Report (via QuiverQuant)](https://www.quiverquant.com/news/Aspire+Software+Releases+2026+Commercial+Landscape+Industry+Report+Highlighting+Market+Trends+and+Contractor+Priorities), accessed 2026-06-03
- [FieldProxy — Best Landscaping Software AI Scheduling 2026](https://www.fieldproxy.ai/resources/blog/best-landscaping-software-ai-scheduling-2026), accessed 2026-06-03

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.