# First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services

US SOC code 39-1014. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/39-1014

Also called: Recreation supervisor, Entertainment supervisor, Recreation coordinator, Salon manager, Community life director.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **103,190** US first-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers (except gambling services), with median pay of **$48,560** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2021, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/youth/recreation-movement-in-the-united-states/) of **12,000** from 1923, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era in this work: Online registration platforms, 2005 to 2018. Online registration and automated scheduling reduced the administrative overhead of the supervisor role substantially, freeing time for direct participant-facing supervision and coaching.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 5.3% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-1014&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **34.2%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend.

## First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1886
- Latest US employment: 103,190 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [5]
- Latest US median pay: $48,560 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [8]
- Outlook: +5.3% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [17]

### All 9 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1923 | 12,000 (estimate) | $1,200 (estimate) | Est., Social Welfare History Project (employment) [1]; Est., infed.org (pay) [6] |
| 1935 | 6,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., National Archives [2] |
| 1965 | 40,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Wikipedia [3] |
| 2000 | 85,000 (estimate) | $27,000 (estimate) | Est., O\*NET 39-1014.00 [4] |
| 2021 | 66,860 | $44,870 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [5] |
| 2022 | 79,060 | $44,660 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [5] |
| 2023 | 88,140 | $46,060 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [5] |
| 2024 | 92,830 | $46,900 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [5] |
| 2025 | 103,190 | $48,560 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [5] |

## Sources (42)

### Employment series

1. [Social Welfare History Project -- Recreation Movement in the United States (NRA 1923 survey data)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/youth/recreation-movement-in-the-united-states/), Social Welfare History Project / Virginia Commonwealth University
2. [National Archives -- Into the Woods: The First Year of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC camp structure and employment)](https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/ccc.html), National Archives / Prologue Magazine
3. [Wikipedia -- National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA founding and history)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recreation_and_Park_Association), Wikipedia
4. [O\*NET 39-1014.00 -- BLS-sourced employment and occupational data (2000 SOC reference)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-1014.00), O\*NET / BLS
5. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Wage series

6. [infed.org -- The playground of today is the republic of tomorrow: social reform and organized recreation in the USA, 1890s-1930s](https://web.archive.org/web/20260615112826/https://infed.org/dir/welcome/social-reform-and-organized-recreation-in-the-usa/), infed.org
7. [O\*NET 39-1014.00 -- BLS-sourced occupational wage reference](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-1014.00), O\*NET / BLS
8. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Tool eras

9. [infed.org -- Social reform and organized recreation in the USA, 1890s-1930s (PAA Normal Course in Play)](https://web.archive.org/web/20260615112826/https://infed.org/dir/welcome/social-reform-and-organized-recreation-in-the-usa/), infed.org
10. [National Archives -- Into the Woods: The First Year of the CCC (camp administration and reporting structures)](https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/ccc.html), National Archives / Prologue Magazine
11. [Wikipedia -- National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA formation 1965 and growth)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recreation_and_Park_Association), Wikipedia
12. [ACTIVE Network -- Recreation Management Software history and overview](https://info.activenetwork.com/solutions/active-net/recreation-management-software), ACTIVE Network
13. [SafetyCulture (iAuditor) -- Inspection and Incident Management Platform](https://safetyculture.com/iauditor), SafetyCulture
14. [Deputy -- Smart AI Scheduling Features](https://www.deputy.com/features/smart-scheduling), Deputy
15. [Homebase -- AI Scheduling and Hiring Assistants Launch (June 2025)](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250605551546/en/Homebase-Brings-AI-to-Main-Street-with-Faster-Hiring-Effortless-Scheduling-Tools), Business Wire / Homebase
16. [O\*NET -- Bright Outlook occupation: 39-1014.00](https://www.onetonline.org/help/bright/39-1014.00), O\*NET / BLS

### Forecasts and exposure studies

17. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 39-1014 First-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers, except gambling services (2025: 109.3 thousand; 2035: 115.1 thousand; +5.3%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-1014&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
18. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 39-1014.00, human-rated β 0.342)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

19. [Social Welfare History Project -- Recreation Movement in the United States](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/youth/recreation-movement-in-the-united-states/), Social Welfare History Project / VCU
20. [infed.org -- The playground of today is the republic of tomorrow: social reform and organized recreation in the USA](https://web.archive.org/web/20260615112826/https://infed.org/dir/welcome/social-reform-and-organized-recreation-in-the-usa/), infed.org
21. [National Archives -- Into the Woods: The First Year of the Civilian Conservation Corps](https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/fall/ccc.html), National Archives / Prologue Magazine
22. [HISTORY -- Disneyland opens (July 17, 1955)](https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/july-17/disneyland-opens), HISTORY
23. [Wikipedia -- National Recreation and Park Association (NRPA founding 1965)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recreation_and_Park_Association), Wikipedia
24. [O\*NET Code Connector -- 39-1014.00 First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers](https://www.onetcodeconnector.org/ccreport/39-1014.00), O\*NET / BLS
25. [O\*NET 39-1014.00 -- BLS OEWS May 2024 employment (123,300) and Bright Outlook designation](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-1014.00), O\*NET / BLS

### Predecessors & successors

26. [Social Welfare History Project -- Recreation Movement in the United States (playground matron origins)](https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/youth/recreation-movement-in-the-united-states/), Social Welfare History Project / VCU

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers (39-1014.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-1014.00), accessed 2026-06-05
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Entertainment and Recreation Managers](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/entertainment-and-recreation-managers.htm), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj0998), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Goldman Sachs — The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth (Briggs/Kodnani 2023)](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.html), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Homebase — AI Scheduling and Hiring Assistants Launch (June 2025)](https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250605551546/en/Homebase-Brings-AI-to-Main-Street-with-Faster-Hiring-Effortless-Scheduling-Tools), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Deputy — Smart AI Scheduling Features](https://www.deputy.com/features/smart-scheduling), accessed 2026-06-05
- [BetaQuick — AI Parks and Recreation Scheduling](https://betaquick.com/blog/ai-parks-recreation-scheduling/), accessed 2026-06-05
- [ACTIVE Network — Recreation Management Software](https://info.activenetwork.com/solutions/active-net/recreation-management-software), accessed 2026-06-05

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.