# Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan

US SOC code 43-4111. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-4111

Also called: Survey interviewer, Patient access representative, Patient registration specialist, Telephone interviewer, CATI interviewer.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **148,060** US interviewers (except eligibility and loan), with median pay of **$45,920** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was **227,220**, in May 2007. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polling-and-public-opinion/pioneers-polling) of **10,000** from 1940, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for interviewers: EHR patient registration workflows, 1995 to 2015.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to decline 10.4% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-4111&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **43.1%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1935
- Latest US employment: 148,060 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [4]
- Latest US median pay: $45,920 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [7]
- Outlook: -10.4% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [16]

### All 27 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1940 | 10,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Roper Center for Public Opinion Research [1] |
| 1960 | 45,000 (estimate) | $3,900 (estimate) | Est., Groves, R.M. et al (employment) [2]; Est., US Department of Labor Women's Bureau (pay) [5] |
| 1975 | 80,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Groves, R.M. et al [2] |
| 2000 | 156,340 | $20,840 | BLS OEWS 2000 [3] |
| 2003 | 190,160 | $22,590 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [4] |
| 2004 | 193,780 | $23,670 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [4] |
| 2005 | 201,790 | $25,110 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [4] |
| 2006 | 211,500 | $26,290 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [4] |
| 2007 | 227,220 | $27,320 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [4] |
| 2008 | 224,690 | $28,140 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [4] |
| 2009 | 215,930 | $28,660 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [4] |
| 2010 | 204,730 | $28,820 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [4] |
| 2011 | 200,150 | $29,560 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [4] |
| 2012 | 196,660 | $29,910 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [4] |
| 2013 | 192,360 | $30,270 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [4] |
| 2014 | 190,710 | $30,790 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [4] |
| 2015 | 184,050 | $31,410 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [4] |
| 2016 | 186,030 | $32,150 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [4] |
| 2017 | 189,600 | $33,110 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [4] |
| 2018 | 192,820 | $34,060 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [4] |
| 2019 | 188,570 | $34,970 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [4] |
| 2020 | 173,800 | $36,170 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [4] |
| 2021 | 169,840 | $37,220 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [4] |
| 2022 | 168,680 | $38,700 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [4] |
| 2023 | 160,550 | $40,300 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [4] |
| 2024 | 157,310 | $43,830 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [4] |
| 2025 | 148,060 | $45,920 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [4] |

## Sources (78)

### Employment series

1. [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research -- Pioneers of Polling (Gallup, NORC, Roper history)](https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polling-and-public-opinion/pioneers-polling), Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
2. [Groves, R.M. et al. -- Three Eras of Survey Research (Public Opinion Quarterly, 2011)](https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/75/5/861/1831518), Oxford Academic / Public Opinion Quarterly
3. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
4. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Wage series

5. [US Department of Labor Women's Bureau -- Women Workers in 1960 (Bulletin 284, FRASER)](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/women/b0284_dolwb_1962.pdf), US Department of Labor / FRASER
6. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
7. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)

### Tool eras

8. [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research -- Pioneers of Polling (Gallup, NORC, Roper field interviewing methods)](https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polling-and-public-opinion/pioneers-polling), Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
9. [Groves, R.M. et al. -- Three Eras of Survey Research (Public Opinion Quarterly, 2011)](https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/75/5/861/1831518), Oxford Academic / Public Opinion Quarterly
10. [CMS -- Medicare and Medicaid History (40th anniversary overview)](https://www.cms.gov/about-cms/who-we-are/history), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
11. [US GAO -- Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (PAD-79-70A, early CATI evaluation)](https://www.gao.gov/assets/pad-79-70a.pdf), US Government Accountability Office
12. [CMS -- HIPAA history and administrative simplification standards (1996 legislation)](https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/medical-records/index.html), US Department of Health and Human Services
13. [Gallup -- Gallup Poll Methodology (response rates and survey methodology overview)](https://news.gallup.com/opinion/methodology/608690/gallup-poll-methodology.aspx), Gallup
14. [Gallup -- Gallup Launches Research on AI Phone Interviewing (2026)](https://news.gallup.com/opinion/methodology/702479/gallup-launches-research-phone-interviewing.aspx), Gallup
15. [TechTarget 2026 -- Epic's Ask Emmie offers EHR-backed AI chatbot for patients](https://www.techtarget.com/patientengagement/feature/Epics-Ask-Emmie-offers-EHR-backed-AI-chatbot-option-for-patients), TechTarget

### Forecasts and exposure studies

16. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 43-4111 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan (2025: 153.6 thousand; 2035: 137.6 thousand; -10.4%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-4111&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
17. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 43-4111.00, human-rated β 0.431)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

18. [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research -- Pioneers of Polling](https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polling-and-public-opinion/pioneers-polling), Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
19. [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research -- NORC: The Early Years](https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/norc-early-years), Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
20. [CMS -- Medicare and Medicaid History](https://www.cms.gov/about-cms/who-we-are/history), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
21. [US GAO -- Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (early evaluation of CATI technology)](https://www.gao.gov/assets/pad-79-70a.pdf), US Government Accountability Office
22. [Groves, R.M. et al. -- Three Eras of Survey Research (CATI adoption by government agencies)](https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/75/5/861/1831518), Oxford Academic / Public Opinion Quarterly
23. [US HHS -- HIPAA for individuals: medical records and privacy rights](https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-individuals/medical-records/index.html), US Department of Health and Human Services
24. [Gallup -- Gallup Poll Methodology (response rate overview)](https://news.gallup.com/opinion/methodology/608690/gallup-poll-methodology.aspx), Gallup
25. [Gallup -- Gallup Launches Research on AI Phone Interviewing (2026)](https://news.gallup.com/opinion/methodology/702479/gallup-launches-research-phone-interviewing.aspx), Gallup

### Predecessors & successors

26. [Roper Center for Public Opinion Research -- Pioneers of Polling (early opinion poll staffing)](https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polling-and-public-opinion/pioneers-polling), Roper Center for Public Opinion Research

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan (43-4111.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-4111.00), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs: Labor Market Impact Potential of LLMs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Goldman Sachs 2023 — Generative AI Could Raise Global GDP by 7% (300M jobs exposed)](https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/28/ai-automation-could-impact-300-million-jobs-heres-which-ones.html), accessed 2026-06-05
- [BLS OOH 2025 — Interviewers, employment ~164,300; projected -1% through 2034](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/interviewers.htm), accessed 2026-06-05
- [McKinsey 2025 — Superagency in the Workplace: AI adoption in clerical and office roles](https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/tech-and-ai/our-insights/superagency-in-the-workplace-empowering-people-to-unlock-ais-full-potential-at-work), accessed 2026-06-05
- [SurveyMonkey 2025 — AI Analysis Suite launch: Thematic Analysis (beta) for open-ended responses](https://www.surveymonkey.com/newsroom/surveymonkey-launches-ai-analysis-suite-and-design-tools/), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Usercall 2025 — Top 5 CATI Software Tools and Impact of AI](https://www.usercall.co/post/top-5-cati-software-tools-in-2025-and-impact-of-ai), accessed 2026-06-05
- [Miravoice — Automated Phone Surveys and Interviews platform](https://www.miravoice.com/), accessed 2026-06-05

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.