# Receptionists and Information Clerks

US SOC code 43-4171. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-4171

Also called: Receptionist, Front desk receptionist, Front desk clerk, Information clerk, Administrative receptionist.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **910,180** US receptionists and information clerks, with median pay of **$38,010** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was **1,112,350**, in May 2006. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/women/b0253_dolwb_1954.pdf) of **200,000** from 1950, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for receptionists and information clerks: Digital visitor management kiosks, 2015 to 2023.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to decline 1.7% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-4171&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **58.3%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Receptionists and Information Clerks employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1900
- Latest US employment: 910,180 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [5]
- Latest US median pay: $38,010 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [16]
- Outlook: -1.7% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [33]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 4216)
  - Employment, 2025: 185,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [6]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 4216 Receptionists, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £18,152. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [18]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 4216 Receptionists, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 5421)
  - Employment, 2025: 179,700. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [7]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 5421 Receptionists, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$63,908. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [19]. Annualised (x52) from A$1,229 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 33 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1950 | 200,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., FRASER / US BLS Bulletin 253 [1] |
| 1956 | n/a | $2,600 (estimate) | Est., University of Missouri Libraries [8] |
| 1970 | 450,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., BLS OOH [2] |
| 1972 | n/a | $5,616 (average) | BLS CPS 1972 [9] |
| 1974 | n/a | $5,876 (average) | BLS CPS 1974 [10] |
| 1978 | n/a | $8,060 (average) | BLS CPS 1978 [11] |
| 1980 | n/a | $9,724 (average) | BLS CPS 1980 [12] |
| 1990 | 900,000 | $17,000 (estimate) | Decennial Census (employment) [3]; Est., University of Missouri Libraries (pay) [13] |
| 1999 | n/a | $21,075 | Census 2000 [14] |
| 2000 | 1,054,300 | $20,040 | BLS OEWS 2000 [4] |
| 2003 | 1,058,790 | $21,320 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [5] |
| 2004 | 1,071,230 | $21,830 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [5] |
| 2005 | 1,088,400 | $22,150 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [5] |
| 2006 | 1,112,350 | $22,900 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [5] |
| 2007 | 1,100,790 | $23,710 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [5] |
| 2008 | 1,097,610 | $24,550 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [5] |
| 2009 | 1,052,120 | $25,070 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [5] |
| 2010 | 997,080 | $25,240 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [5] |
| 2011 | 973,800 | $25,690 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [5] |
| 2012 | 966,150 | $25,990 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [5] |
| 2013 | 973,580 | $26,410 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [5] |
| 2014 | 981,150 | $26,760 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [5] |
| 2015 | 975,890 | $27,300 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [5] |
| 2016 | 997,770 | $27,920 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [5] |
| 2017 | 1,014,900 | $28,390 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [5] |
| 2018 | 1,043,630 | $29,140 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [5] |
| 2019 | 1,057,370 | $30,050 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [5] |
| 2020 | 968,420 | $31,110 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [5] |
| 2021 | 983,150 | $29,950 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [5] |
| 2022 | 1,011,170 | $33,960 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [5] |
| 2023 | 1,003,820 | $35,840 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [5] |
| 2024 | 964,530 | $37,230 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [5] |
| 2025 | 910,180 | $38,010 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [5] |

## Sources (112)

### Employment series

1. [FRASER / US BLS Bulletin 253 -- Changes in Women's Occupations 1940-1950 (clerical worker composition)](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/women/b0253_dolwb_1954.pdf), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis / FRASER
2. [BLS OOH -- Receptionists (historical narrative on occupation formation and growth since the 1950s)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/receptionists.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
3. [IPUMS USA -- OCC1990 occupational coding documentation (Census code 379: Receptionists)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/OCC1990), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
4. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
5. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
6. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 4216, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
7. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

8. [University of Missouri Libraries -- Prices and Wages by Decade: 1950-1959 (clerical worker earnings, 1956)](https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1950-1959), University of Missouri Libraries
9. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1974-75: full-time switchboard/receptionists working in urban areas averaged $108 a week in 1972 (about $5,616 a year), slightly under the average earnings for nonsupervisory workers in private industry, except farming.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_1785_1974_pt1.pdf), BLS-CPS
10. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1976-77: full-time switchboard/receptionists working in urban areas averaged $113 a week in 1974 (about $5,876 a year), slightly under the average earnings for nonsupervisory workers in private industry, except farming.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_1875_1976_1.pdf), BLS-CPS
11. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1980-81: full-time switchboard operator-receptionists working in urban areas averaged $155 a week in 1978 (about $8,060 a year), just over three-quarters as much as the average earnings for nonsupervisory workers in private industry, except farming.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_2075_1980_1.pdf), BLS-CPS
12. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook 1982-83: full-time switchboard operator-receptionists working in urban areas averaged $187 a week in 1980 (about $9,724 a year), compared with an average of $235 a week for all nonsupervisory and production workers in private industry, except farming.](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/bls/bls_2200_1982.pdf), BLS-CPS
13. [University of Missouri Libraries -- Prices and Wages by Decade: 1990-1999 (clerical worker earnings)](https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1990-1999), University of Missouri Libraries
14. [U.S. Census 2000, Earnings by Detailed Occupation (Table 2): Receptionists and Information Clerks, year-round full-time median earnings $21,075 for 1999.](https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/2000/earnings-occupation/call2usboth.csv), U.S. Census Bureau
15. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
16. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
17. [BLS OEWS May 2024, national cross-industry estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
18. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 4216, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
19. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Receptionists (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/5421-receptionists), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

20. [1pbx.io -- The History of the Private Branch Exchange (PBX): early manual switchboards required dedicated operators to connect every call](https://1pbx.io/blog/the-history-of-the-private-branch-exchange-pbx), 1pbx.io
21. [Etymonline -- receptionist, n. (first use 1900, in Wilson's Photographic Magazine)](https://www.etymonline.com/word/receptionist), Online Etymology Dictionary
22. [bebusinessed.com -- History of PBX: 1960s PABX introduction reduced need for manual call routing; 1970s electronic switching replaced manual boards](https://bebusinessed.com/history/history-of-pbx/), bebusinessed.com
23. [Mitel -- A History of Business Phone Systems (PABX evolution and effect on office telephone operations)](https://www.mitel.com/articles/a-history-of-business-phone-systems), Mitel
24. [thereceptionist.com -- The History and Future of The Office Receptionist (1980s PC adoption and voicemail era)](https://thereceptionist.com/the-history-and-future-of-the-office-receptionist/), The Receptionist
25. [History of Answering Services -- Responsive Answering Service (voicemail deployment in 1980s-1990s offices)](https://responsiveanswering.com/blog/history-of-answering-services-responsive-answering-service/), Responsive Answering Service
26. [History of the Modern Day Call Center -- AnswerNow Inc. (IVR systems and automatic call routing history in business)](https://answernowinc.com/call-center-facts/the-history-of-the-modern-day-call-center/), AnswerNow Inc.
27. [BLS OOH -- Receptionists (2024): employment constrained as organizations automate or consolidate administrative functions via software, websites, mobile apps](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/receptionists.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
28. [Envoy -- Visitor check-in kiosk automates badge printing, host notification, NDA signing, and ID verification](https://envoy.com/visitor-management/visitor-check-in-kiosk), Envoy
29. [Greetly -- Digital receptionist replaces paper sign-in and live front-desk staff with kiosk or QR code](https://www.greetly.com/features/digital-receptionist-software), Greetly
30. [PYMNTS.com -- Front desk and help desk are now manned by AI; RingCentral AIR up 44% QoQ (May 2026)](https://www.pymnts.com/artificial-intelligence-2/2026/front-desk-and-help-desk-are-now-manned-by-ai/), PYMNTS.com
31. [SchedulingKit -- AI receptionist statistics 2026: 38% healthcare deployment, 70% routine calls require no human when AI properly configured](https://schedulingkit.com/statistics/ai-receptionist-statistics), SchedulingKit
32. [McKinsey MGI -- Generative AI and the future of work in America (2025): demand for clerks could fall 1.6 million positions](https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/generative-ai-and-the-future-of-work-in-america), McKinsey Global Institute

### Forecasts and exposure studies

33. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 43-4171 Receptionists and information clerks (2025: 947.5 thousand; 2035: 931.6 thousand; -1.7%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-4171&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
34. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 43-4171.00, human-rated β 0.583)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

35. [Etymonline -- receptionist, n.: first use 1900, from Wilson's Photographic Magazine; from reception + -ist](https://www.etymonline.com/word/receptionist), Online Etymology Dictionary
36. [FRASER -- BLS Bulletin 253: Changes in Women's Occupations 1940-1950 (feminization of clerical work context)](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/files/docs/publications/women/b0253_dolwb_1954.pdf), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis / FRASER
37. [BLS OOH -- Receptionists (historical employment context: postwar growth in professional services drove sustained demand for front-desk workers)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/receptionists.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
38. [thereceptionist.com -- The History and Future of The Office Receptionist (women's rights movement and clerical labor organizing, 1960s-1970s)](https://thereceptionist.com/the-history-and-future-of-the-office-receptionist/), The Receptionist
39. [BLS OEWS current data -- 43-4171 employment trajectory 2019-2024 reflecting pandemic disruption and partial recovery](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes434171.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Predecessors & successors

40. [Conversable Economist -- Telephone Switchboard Operators: Rise and Fall (1900-1980, automation arc)](https://conversableeconomist.com/2020/02/14/telephone-switchboard-operators-rise-and-fall/), Conversable Economist
41. [thereceptionist.com -- The History and Future of The Office Receptionist (origin in hotel and professional office settings)](https://thereceptionist.com/the-history-and-future-of-the-office-receptionist/), The Receptionist
42. [IPUMS USA -- OCC1990 occupational coding (Census code 379: Receptionists first cleanly separated from general clerical in 1970 Census)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/OCC1990), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
43. [O\*NET 43-4171.00 -- career pathway notes; BLS OOH Receptionists (advancement to office supervisor common)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-4171.00), O\*NET / BLS
44. [BLS OOH -- Receptionists: healthcare and social assistance is largest employing industry; medical receptionist-to-secretary promotion is a documented advancement path](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/receptionists.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Present-day analysis

- [BLS OOH -- Receptionists: "little or no change" 2024-2034; 1,007,200 employed; median $37,230](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/receptionists.htm), accessed 2026-06-03
- [RingCentral AIR -- 11,800+ businesses automate front desk; Televero Health +1,000 bookings/mo (May 2026)](https://www.ringcentral.com/us/en/blog/introducing-ringcentral-ai-receptionist-business-ready-voice-ai-is-here/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [PYMNTS.com -- Front desk and help desk now manned by AI; RingCentral AIR up 44% QoQ (May 2026)](https://www.pymnts.com/artificial-intelligence-2/2026/front-desk-and-help-desk-are-now-manned-by-ai/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [SchedulingKit -- AI receptionist statistics 2026: 38% healthcare deployment, 70% routine calls no human needed](https://schedulingkit.com/statistics/ai-receptionist-statistics), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Goldman Sachs 2026 -- AI cutting 16,000 US jobs/month; info clerks and secretaries among most exposed](https://finance.yahoo.com/economy/articles/ai-cutting-16-000-u-171008831.html), accessed 2026-06-03
- [McKinsey MGI -- Generative AI and the future of work; clerk demand could fall 1.6M (2025)](https://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/our-research/generative-ai-and-the-future-of-work-in-america), accessed 2026-06-03
- [O\*NET 30.3 -- Receptionists and Information Clerks (43-4171.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-4171.00), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 -- GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Calendly -- AI scheduling assistant (Callie) automates meeting booking from email (2025)](https://calendly.com/help/ai-scheduling-assistant-callie-overview), accessed 2026-06-03
- [RingCentral AIR -- January 2026 release integrates Google Calendar, Outlook, Salesforce, HubSpot for end-to-end booking](https://www.ringcentral.com/us/en/blog/ai-receptionist-easier-setup-smarter-conversations/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Resonate AI -- 70% of routine calls require no human when AI receptionists are properly configured (Deloitte healthcare study)](https://www.resonateapp.com/resources/ai-receptionists-statistics), accessed 2026-06-03

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.