# Secretaries and Administrative Assistants

US SOC code 43-6014. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-6014

Also called: Administrative assistant, Secretary, Office administrator, Administrative coordinator, Office coordinator.

## In brief

In 1970 the Census counted **3.9 million** stenographers, typists and secretaries combined. In May 2025, BLS counted **1.7 million** in the narrower secretaries and administrative assistants group. Median pay was **$47,540** a year in May 2025. Of the BLS counts since 2012, the highest was **2,295,510**, in May 2016. The last full technology era for secretaries and administrative assistants: AI scheduling assistants, 2014 to 2022.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to decline 6% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-6014&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **46%** of work tasks in office and administrative support occupations, this job's group, are exposed to automation by AI. Not a forecast of job losses. [Goldman Sachs, 2023](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.pdf)
- **56.7%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.96** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

### Since the 2013 prediction

In 2013, Frey and Osborne put this job's probability of computerisation at 0.96. BLS counted **2,159,000** of these jobs in May 2013 and **1,706,790** in May 2025 (-21%, a change derived by Future History).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Secretaries and Administrative Assistants employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1874
- Latest US employment: 1,706,790 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [3]
- Latest US median pay: $47,540 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [11]
- Outlook: -6% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [26]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **Canada** (NOC 13110)
  - Employment, 2020: 264,150. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [4]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 13110 Administrative assistants, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
  - Median pay, 2020: C$48,800. Source: Statistics Canada Census 2021 [12]. Statistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 13110 Administrative assistants, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 4215)
  - Employment, 2025: 164,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [5]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 4215 Personal assistants and other secretaries, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £25,233. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [13]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 4215 Personal assistants and other secretaries, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 5212)
  - Employment, 2025: 30,500. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [6]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 5212 Secretaries, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$84,552. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [14]. Annualised (x52) from A$1,626 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 34 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 134,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1910 | 387,000 | $1,156 | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1915 | n/a | $1,267 | BLS historical bulletin 1970 [7] |
| 1920 | 786,000 | $2,160 | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1925 | n/a | $2,239 | BLS historical bulletin 1970 [7] |
| 1930 | 1,097,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1940 | 1,223,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1950 | 1,661,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1960 | 2,313,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1970 | 3,914,000 | n/a | Decennial Census 1970 [1] |
| 1999 | n/a | $26,554 | Census 2000 [8] |
| 2003 | 1,845,860 | $25,420 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [2] |
| 2004 | 1,743,560 | $26,110 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [2] |
| 2005 | 1,744,380 | $26,670 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [2] |
| 2006 | 1,750,600 | $27,450 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [2] |
| 2007 | 1,832,490 | $28,220 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [2] |
| 2008 | 1,872,070 | $29,050 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [2] |
| 2009 | 1,797,670 | $29,980 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [2] |
| 2010 | 1,841,020 | $30,830 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [2] |
| 2011 | 1,955,570 | $31,870 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [2] |
| 2012 | 2,085,680 | $32,410 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [2] |
| 2013 | 2,159,000 | $32,840 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [2] |
| 2014 | 2,207,220 | $33,240 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [2] |
| 2015 | 2,281,120 | $33,910 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [2] |
| 2016 | 2,295,510 | $34,820 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [2] |
| 2017 | 2,254,820 | $35,590 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [2] |
| 2018 | 2,165,310 | $36,630 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [2] |
| 2019 | 2,038,340 | $37,690 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [2] |
| 2020 | 1,850,360 | $38,850 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [2] |
| 2021 | 1,825,980 | $37,880 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [2] |
| 2022 | 1,826,710 | $41,000 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [2] |
| 2023 | 1,785,430 | $44,280 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [2] |
| 2024 | 1,737,820 | $46,290 | BLS OEWS May 2024 (employment) [2]; BLS OEWS May 2024 (pay) [10] |
| 2025 | 1,706,790 | $47,540 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [3] |

## Sources (102)

### Employment series

1. [Historical Statistics of the US, Colonial Times to 1970, Ch. D (Labor), Series D 233-682 (Detailed Occupation of the Economically Active Population), series D 347, p. 141](https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p1-chD.pdf), US Census Bureau
2. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip)
3. [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes436014.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
4. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
5. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 4215, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
6. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

7. [Historical Statistics of the US, Colonial Times to 1970, Ch. D, Series D 787, Row 787 (Clerical workers in manufacturing and steam railroads). NB: series is average, not median, annual earnings; covers the mfg+rail clerical subset of the broader stenographers/typists/secretaries category.](https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/1975/compendia/hist_stats_colonial-1970/hist_stats_colonial-1970p1-chD.pdf), US Census Bureau (Lebergott via BLS bulletins)
8. [U.S. Census 2000, Earnings by Detailed Occupation (Table 2): Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, year-round full-time median earnings $26,554 for 1999.](https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/2000/earnings-occupation/call2usboth.csv), CENSUS
9. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip)
10. [BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2024/may/oes436014.htm), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
11. [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes436014.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
12. [Statistics Canada, Census of Population 2021, Table 98-10-0586 (Employment income statistics by occupation unit group, NOC 2021), income reference year 2020](https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810058601), Statistics Canada
13. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 4215, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip), [2022](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), [2025](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip)
14. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Secretaries (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/5212-secretaries), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

15. [Library of Congress — "This Month in Business History: Typewriter Production Begins"](https://guides.loc.gov/this-month-in-business-history/march/typewriter-production-began), Library of Congress
16. [IEEE Spectrum — "Who Invented the Dictaphone"](https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-invented-the-dictaphone), IEEE
17. [Smithsonian National Museum of American History — Xerox 914](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_1085916), Smithsonian
18. [Museum of Obsolete Media — IBM MT/ST](https://obsoletemedia.org/ibm-mtst/), Museum of Obsolete Media
19. [Tom Haigh — "Origins of Word Processing and Office Automation" (IEEE Annals 2006)](https://www.tomandmaria.com/Tom/Writing/Annals2006WP.pdf), IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
20. [Wikipedia — WordPerfect (decline section)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPerfect), Wikipedia
21. [Lookeen — History of Microsoft Outlook](https://lookeen.com/blog/the-origin-development-and-history-of-outlook), Lookeen
22. [Wikipedia — Google Calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Calendar), Wikipedia
23. [TechCrunch — "Clara Labs raises $7M for its AI assistant"](https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/19/claraseriesa/), TechCrunch
24. [Microsoft Blog — "Introducing Microsoft 365 Copilot" (March 16, 2023)](https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/03/16/introducing-microsoft-365-copilot-your-copilot-for-work/), Microsoft
25. [Anthropic Economic Index, January 2026 report: Office and Administrative Support tasks matched 13% of sampled first-party API transcripts (November 2025)](https://www.anthropic.com/research/anthropic-economic-index-january-2026-report), Anthropic

### Forecasts and exposure studies

26. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 43-6014 Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive (2025: 1,889.8 thousand; 2035: 1,775.7 thousand; -6.0%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-6014&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
27. [Briggs & Kodnani, "The Potentially Large Effects of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Growth", Goldman Sachs Global Economics Analyst (26 March 2023), Exhibit 5 (US): office and administrative support 46%](https://www.gspublishing.com/content/research/en/reports/2023/03/27/d64e052b-0f6e-45d7-967b-d7be35fabd16.pdf), Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research
28. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 43-6014 Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive: probability 0.96, rank 634 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
29. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 43-6014.00, human-rated β 0.567)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

30. [Davies, "Woman's Place is at the Typewriter" (Temple Univ. Press, 1982)](https://temple.manifoldapp.org/projects/woman-s-place-is-at-the-typewriter), Temple University Press
31. [England & Boyer, "Women's Work: The Feminization of Composing-Room Occupations"](https://faculty.washington.edu/england/England-Boyer-Social_History.pdf), University of Washington
32. [Wikipedia — IAAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Administrative_Professionals), Wikipedia
33. [BLS — OEWS Methodology History](https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/oews/history.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
34. [US Census Bureau, "Recognizing the Nation's Administrative Professionals" (April 2022)](https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/04/recognizing-nations-administrative-professionals.html), US Census Bureau

### Predecessors & successors

35. [Margery Davies, "Woman's Place is at the Typewriter" (Temple Univ. Press, 1982) — Ch. 1](https://temple.manifoldapp.org/projects/woman-s-place-is-at-the-typewriter), Temple University Press
36. [IPUMS USA OCC1950 = 360 (combined stenographers/typists/secretaries)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/OCC1950), IPUMS

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 -- Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive (43-6014.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-6014.00), accessed 2026-06-03
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Secretaries and Administrative Assistants](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/office-and-administrative-support/secretaries-and-administrative-assistants.htm), accessed 2026-06-03
- [WEF Future of Jobs Report 2025 -- fastest-growing and declining roles](https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/future-of-jobs-report-2025-the-fastest-growing-and-declining-jobs/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Goldman Sachs / McKinsey displacement analysis -- administrative and office support 46% task automation (via hungyichen.com 2026)](https://www.hungyichen.com/en/insights/ai-job-displacement-labor-market), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 -- GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Microsoft Copilot in Outlook -- new agentic experiences for email and calendar (2026)](https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/blog/outlook/copilot-in-outlook-new-agentic-experiences-for-email-and-calendar/4499798), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Reclaim.ai -- AI Calendar for Executive Assistants](https://reclaim.ai/teams/executive-assistants), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Notion 3.0 AI Agents launch -- Reworked, September 2025](https://www.reworked.co/collaboration-productivity/notion-30-introduces-ai-agents-for-task-automation/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Microsoft Support -- Draft an email message with Copilot in Outlook](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/draft-an-email-message-with-copilot-in-outlook-3eb1d053-89b8-491c-8a6e-746015238d9b), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Microsoft Support -- Create a meeting agenda with Copilot in Outlook](https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/create-a-meeting-agenda-with-copilot-in-outlook-31a44dfa-62bb-4751-82c4-14327a26759f), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Zapier AI -- workflow automation for administrative tasks (9,000+ app integrations)](https://zapier.com/ai), accessed 2026-06-03

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.