# Construction Laborers

US SOC code 47-2061. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2061

Also called: General laborer, Site laborer, Construction worker, Concrete laborer, Demolition laborer.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **1,096,780** US construction laborers, with median pay of **$47,120** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml) of **300,000** from 1870, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for construction laborers: First-generation jobsite robotics, 2016 to 2022. Autonomous excavators can complete bulk earthmoving tasks (digging a trench or a foundation cut of defined geometry) without an operator in the cab.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 7.3% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2061&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **2.5%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.88** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

### Since the 2013 prediction

In 2013, Frey and Osborne put this job's probability of computerisation at 0.88. BLS counted **824,970** of these jobs in May 2013 and **1,096,780** in May 2025 (+33%, a change derived by Future History).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Construction Laborers employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1825
- Latest US employment: 1,096,780 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [5]
- Latest US median pay: $47,120 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [13]
- Outlook: +7.3% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [32]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 9121)
  - Employment, 2025: 13,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [8]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 9121 Groundworkers, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £37,849. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [16]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 9121 Groundworkers, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 8211)
  - Employment, 2025: 69,500. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [9]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 8211 Building and Plumbing Labourers, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$95,004. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [17]. Annualised (x52) from A$1,827 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 30 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1869 | n/a | $312 (estimate) | Est., First Transcontinental Railroad labor… [10] |
| 1870 | 300,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., IPUMS USA [1] |
| 1900 | 700,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., IPUMS USA [1] |
| 1933 | 400,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis… [2] |
| 1960 | 850,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook [3] |
| 1980 | 900,000 (estimate) | $14,000 (estimate) | Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook [3] |
| 2000 | 821,210 | $23,200 | BLS OEWS 2000 [4] |
| 2003 | 837,650 | $24,670 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [5] |
| 2004 | 854,840 | $25,160 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [5] |
| 2005 | 934,000 | $25,410 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [5] |
| 2006 | 1,016,530 | $26,320 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [5] |
| 2007 | 1,053,060 | $27,310 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [5] |
| 2008 | 1,020,290 | $28,520 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [5] |
| 2009 | 856,440 | $29,150 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [5] |
| 2010 | 777,700 | $29,280 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [5] |
| 2011 | 779,370 | $29,730 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [5] |
| 2012 | 814,470 | $29,990 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [5] |
| 2013 | 824,970 | $30,460 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [5] |
| 2014 | 852,870 | $31,090 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [5] |
| 2015 | 887,580 | $31,910 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [5] |
| 2016 | 912,100 | $33,430 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [5] |
| 2017 | 962,060 | $34,530 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [5] |
| 2018 | 1,001,470 | $35,800 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [5] |
| 2019 | 1,020,350 | $36,860 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [5] |
| 2020 | 971,330 | $37,890 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [5] |
| 2021 | 968,760 | $37,770 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [5] |
| 2022 | 1,012,780 | $40,750 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [5] |
| 2023 | 1,019,090 | $45,300 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [5] |
| 2024 | 1,057,660 | $46,730 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [5] |
| 2025 | 1,096,780 | $47,120 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [5] |

## Sources (103)

### Employment series

1. [IPUMS USA — 1870 Census occupational categories (laborers in construction, transportation, and building trades)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
2. [Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRASER) — BLS Construction Industry employment series, 1929-1940 (historical economic data)](https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/employment-earnings-united-states-189), Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis / FRASER
3. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Construction Laborers (1960s edition historical employment context; Federal Highway Administration records on Interstate construction employment)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/construction-laborers-and-helpers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
4. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
5. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
6. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9120, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
7. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9121, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
8. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9121, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
9. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

10. [First Transcontinental Railroad labor records — Chinese workers paid $26/month (later $35/month after 1867 strike); white workers paid $30/month plus board. $26 × 12 = $312/year nominal estimate for Chinese workers.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad), Wikipedia (citing primary railroad labor records)
11. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Construction Laborers (1980-81 edition wage context); inflation adjustment via BLS CPI-U calculator (1980 dollars to 2024)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/construction-laborers-and-helpers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
12. [BLS OES 2000 national estimates (flat file)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oes00nat.zip), Bureau of Labor Statistics
13. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
14. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9120, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
15. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9121, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
16. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9121, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
17. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Building and Plumbing Labourers (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/8211-building-and-plumbing-labourers), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

18. [Smithsonian Institution — "Erie Canal: The Artificial River" (1817-1825 canal construction, hand tools, navvy labor)](https://www.si.edu/spotlight/erie-canal), Smithsonian Institution
19. [Wikipedia — "First Transcontinental Railroad" (1863-1869 construction; Chinese laborers; black powder and nitroglycerin blasting in Sierra Nevada)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad), Wikipedia (citing primary railroad construction histories)
20. [Wikipedia — "Steam shovel" (102 steam shovels worked the Panama Canal dig; 77 built by Bucyrus, remainder by Marion; laborers supported machine crews on all sides)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shovel), Wikipedia (citing Bucyrus International and primary canal construction records)
21. [Wikipedia — "Civilian Conservation Corps" (founded April 1933; 3 million total enrolled; 300 types of work; disbanded June 1942)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps), Wikipedia (citing Congressional Research Service and NPS records)
22. [Wikipedia — "Works Progress Administration" (founded May 1935; peak 3.3M workers November 1938; 8.5M total employed; 620,000 miles of streets, 10,000+ bridges)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration), Wikipedia (citing FDR Library and BLS historical records)
23. [Federal Highway Administration — "Interstate Highway System History" (Federal Aid Highway Act 1956; 41,000 miles; construction employment impact)](https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/interstate-system/50th-anniversary/history-interstate-highway-system), Federal Highway Administration
24. [OSHA — "OSHA at 50" (President Nixon signed the Occupational Safety and Health Act December 29, 1970; enacted April 28, 1971; construction safety standards)](https://www.osha.gov/osha50/), Occupational Safety and Health Administration
25. [Wikipedia — "Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986" (signed November 6, 1986; 2.7M immigrants legalized; employer sanctions; construction workforce impact)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act), Wikipedia (citing USCIS and Congressional records)
26. [Trimble Navigation — "Construction Technology History" (GPS-guided grading systems entering construction market, 1990s)](https://www.trimble.com/en/industries/construction), Trimble
27. [Wikipedia — "Built Robotics" (founded 2016; Exosystem autonomous excavator kit; $112M raised; deployed in solar and general construction)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_Robotics), Wikipedia (citing Built Robotics press releases and Crunchbase)
28. [Boston Dynamics — "Spot in Construction" (Spot quadruped robot deployed for construction site inspection, 2020+)](https://bostondynamics.com/industry/construction/), Boston Dynamics
29. [Wikipedia — "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act" (signed November 15, 2021; $1.2T total; $550B new spending; 68,000+ projects by November 2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act), Wikipedia (citing CBO and White House implementation reports)
30. [Wikipedia — "CHIPS and Science Act" (signed August 9, 2022; $52.7B semiconductor subsidies; 300,000 additional skilled workers needed; TSMC Arizona 6,000 jobs)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act), Wikipedia (citing SIA, DOC, and Congressional records)
31. [BLS National Employment Matrix — 47-2061 Construction Laborers (2024-34 projections: 1,457,000 → 1,563,400; +7.3%; +106,500 net new jobs)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2061&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Forecasts and exposure studies

32. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 47-2061 Construction laborers (2025: 1,489.3 thousand; 2035: 1,598.6 thousand; +7.3%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2061&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
33. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 47-2061 Construction Laborers: probability 0.88, rank 512 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
34. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 47-2061.00, human-rated β 0.025)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

35. [Wikipedia — "First Transcontinental Railroad" (completion May 10, 1869; Chinese labor force 12,000-14,000; wages $26-35/month; Chinese Exclusion Act 1882)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad), Wikipedia (citing primary railroad construction histories)
36. [LIUNA — "LIUNA History" (Hod Carriers and Common Laborers Union of America, founded 1903; evolution into LIUNA)](https://www.liuna.org/about/history), Laborers International Union of North America
37. [Wikipedia — "Civilian Conservation Corps" (founded April 5, 1933; 3M total enrolled; peak 505,782 August 1935; disbanded June 30, 1942)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps), Wikipedia (citing Congressional records and NPS documentation)
38. [Federal Highway Administration — "Interstate Highway System: History" (Federal Aid Highway Act 1956; 41,000 miles authorized; construction employment at peak)](https://highways.dot.gov/highway-history/interstate-system/50th-anniversary/history-interstate-highway-system), Federal Highway Administration
39. [Wikipedia — "Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986" (signed November 6, 1986; 2.7M legalized; employer sanctions; construction workforce impact)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act), Wikipedia (citing USCIS and Congressional records)
40. [US Congress — American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (signed February 17, 2009; $27.5B highway and bridge funding; construction employment impact)](https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/1), US Congress
41. [Wikipedia — "Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act" (signed November 15, 2021; $1.2T total; $568B allocated by November 2024; 68,000+ projects)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act), Wikipedia (citing CBO, White House, and DOT implementation reports)
42. [BLS National Employment Matrix — 47-2061 Construction Laborers (2024-34: 1,457,000 → 1,563,400; +7.3% projected growth)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2061&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Predecessors & successors

43. [LIUNA — "LIUNA History" (Hod Carriers and Common Laborers Union 1903 founding; immigrant agricultural workers transitioning into construction)](https://www.liuna.org/about/history), Laborers International Union of North America
44. [Wikipedia — "Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986" (IRCA; 2.7M workers legalized; Latino construction workforce integration)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act), Wikipedia (citing USCIS records)

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Construction Laborers (47-2061.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2061.00), accessed 2026-06-03
- [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Construction Laborers and Helpers (2024-2034)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/construction-laborers-and-helpers.htm), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Automate.org — Robotics in the Construction Industry 2026](https://www.automateshow.com/blog/breaking-ground-to-groundbreaking-a-2026-look-at-robotics-in-construction), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Eloundou et al. 2024 — GPTs are GPTs (Science)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10130), accessed 2026-06-03
- [ABC Carolinas — AI in Construction Site Safety: Top Innovations for Protecting Workers (2025)](https://abccarolinas.org/ai-in-construction-site-safety/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [DroneDeploy — Safety AI Product Page (90,000+ risks identified, 95% confidence)](https://www.dronedeploy.com/product/safety-ai), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Dusty Robotics — FieldPrint Platform (up to 10x faster than manual layout)](https://www.dustyrobotics.com/fieldprint-platform), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Procore — AI Construction Platform](https://www.procore.com/ai), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Autodesk Digital Builder — 2026 AI Construction Trends: 25+ Experts](https://www.autodesk.com/blogs/construction/2026-ai-trends-25-experts-share-insights/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [For Construction Pros — Dusty Robotics Launches FieldPrinter 2 and FieldPrint Platform](https://www.forconstructionpros.com/construction-technology/product/22885957/dusty-robotics-dusty-robotics-launches-fieldprinter-2-robot-and-fieldprint-platform), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Engineering.com — DroneDeploy Launches Safety AI to Revolutionize Risk Detection](https://www.engineering.com/dronedeploy-launches-safety-ai-to-revolutionize-risk-detection-in-construction/), accessed 2026-06-03

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.