# Packers and Packagers, Hand

US SOC code 53-7064. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7064

Also called: Packer, Packager, Bagger, Sacker, Hand packer.

## In brief

In May 2025, [BLS](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) counted **559,820** US hand packers and packagers, with median pay of **$36,280** a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was **901,890**, in May 2003. The earliest figure here is [an estimate](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml) of **80,000** from 1900, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for hand packers and packagers: Amazon Kiva + AutoStore grid + automated cartonizers, 2012 to 2022.

## What the sources say

### Official outlook

BLS projects employment to decline 5% from 2025 to 2035. Source: [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7064&ioType=o).

### AI exposure studies

- **10%** of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. [Eloundou and others, 2023](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv)
- **0.38** estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. [Frey and Osborne, 2013](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)

### Since the 2013 prediction

In 2013, Frey and Osborne put this job's probability of computerisation at 0.38. BLS counted **672,020** of these jobs in May 2013 and **559,820** in May 2025 (-17%, a change derived by Future History).

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

## Packers and Packagers, Hand employment and pay by year

- On record since: 1885
- Latest US employment: 559,820 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [3]
- Latest US median pay: $36,280 (May 2025). Source: BLS OEWS May 2025 [10]
- Outlook: -5% by 2035. Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35 [28]

### In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

- **United Kingdom** (UK SOC 9132)
  - Employment, 2025: 61,000. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [6]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 9132 Packers, bottlers, canners and fillers, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
  - Median pay, 2025: £25,087. Source: ONS ASHE 2025 [13]. ONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 9132 Packers, bottlers, canners and fillers, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.
- **Australia** (ANZSCO 8321)
  - Employment, 2025: 55,100. Source: ABS Labour Force Survey [7]. ABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 8321 Packers, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
  - Median pay, 2025: A$71,032. Source: ABS Employee Earnings May 2025 [14]. Annualised (x52) from A$1,366 median weekly earnings. ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025: median pay for full-time non-managerial employees paid at the adult rate, before tax. Surfaced via the Jobs and Skills Australia occupation profile.

### All 27 years of cited US data

| Year | US employment | Annual pay (median unless marked) | Source |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1900 | 80,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., IPUMS USA [1] |
| 1940 | 250,000 (estimate) | n/a | Est., IPUMS USA [1] |
| 1970 | 380,000 (estimate) | $5,100 (estimate) | Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook (employment) [2]; Est., BLS Historical Wage Data (pay) [8] |
| 1990 | 520,000 (estimate) | $13,500 (estimate) | Est., BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook [2] |
| 2003 | 901,890 | $16,940 | BLS OEWS May 2003 [3] |
| 2004 | 872,260 | $17,150 | BLS OEWS May 2004 [3] |
| 2005 | 840,410 | $17,390 | BLS OEWS May 2005 [3] |
| 2006 | 827,470 | $17,650 | BLS OEWS May 2006 [3] |
| 2007 | 798,450 | $18,310 | BLS OEWS May 2007 [3] |
| 2008 | 777,630 | $19,060 | BLS OEWS May 2008 [3] |
| 2009 | 706,240 | $19,470 | BLS OEWS May 2009 [3] |
| 2010 | 676,870 | $19,630 | BLS OEWS May 2010 [3] |
| 2011 | 666,860 | $19,870 | BLS OEWS May 2011 [3] |
| 2012 | 660,670 | $19,910 | BLS OEWS May 2012 [3] |
| 2013 | 672,020 | $19,970 | BLS OEWS May 2013 [3] |
| 2014 | 693,170 | $20,330 | BLS OEWS May 2014 [3] |
| 2015 | 713,130 | $21,010 | BLS OEWS May 2015 [3] |
| 2016 | 705,660 | $22,130 | BLS OEWS May 2016 [3] |
| 2017 | 700,560 | $23,430 | BLS OEWS May 2017 [3] |
| 2018 | 663,970 | $24,580 | BLS OEWS May 2018 [3] |
| 2019 | 633,640 | $25,910 | BLS OEWS May 2019 [3] |
| 2020 | 599,270 | $28,050 | BLS OEWS May 2020 [3] |
| 2021 | 585,270 | $29,940 | BLS OEWS May 2021 [3] |
| 2022 | 653,870 | $32,920 | BLS OEWS May 2022 [3] |
| 2023 | 645,210 | $34,830 | BLS OEWS May 2023 [3] |
| 2024 | 601,440 | $35,580 | BLS OEWS May 2024 [3] |
| 2025 | 559,820 | $36,280 | BLS OEWS May 2025 [3] |

## Sources (101)

### Employment series

1. [IPUMS USA — 1900 Census occupational data; "packers and wrappers, except food" and "cannery workers" historical categories](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
2. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Packers and Packagers (1970-71 edition, historical employment context); food processing industry employment estimates](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/hand-laborers-and-material-movers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
3. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
4. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9134, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
5. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9132, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
6. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9132, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
7. [ABS: Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, table EQ08 (Employed persons by Occupation unit group, ANZSCO 2013), latest release](https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/labour/employment-and-unemployment/labour-force-australia-detailed/latest-release), Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Wage series

8. [BLS Historical Wage Data — general packer/packager wage context circa 1970; inflation adjustment via BLS CPI-U calculator (1970 to 2024)](https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
9. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Packers and Packagers (circa 1990 edition, wage context); inflation adjustment via BLS CPI-U calculator (1990 to 2024)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/hand-laborers-and-material-movers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics
10. BLS OEWS, national cross-industry estimates (flat file), Bureau of Labor Statistics. Editions: [2003](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm03nat.zip), [2004](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm04nat.zip), [2005](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm05nat.zip), [2006](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm06nat.zip), [2007](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm07nat.zip), [2008](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm08nat.zip), [2009](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm09nat.zip), [2010](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm10nat.zip), [2011](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm11nat.zip), [2012](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm12nat.zip), [2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip), [2014](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm14nat.zip), [2015](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm15nat.zip), [2016](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm16nat.zip), [2017](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm17nat.zip), [2018](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip), [2019](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm19nat.zip), [2020](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm20nat.zip), [2021](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm21nat.zip), [2022](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm22nat.zip), [2023](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm23nat.zip), [2024](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm24nat.zip), [2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip)
11. ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9134, United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0., Office for National Statistics. Editions: [2002](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2002/2002-table-14.zip), [2006](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2006consistentw_007methodology/2006-table-14.zip), [2010](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2010revised/2010-revised-table-14.zip), [2011](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2011revisedbasedonsoc2010/2011-revised-table-14.zip), [2015](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2015/table142015revised.zip), [2020](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2020revised/table142020revised.zip)
12. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9132, United Kingdom, 2022. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2022revised/ashetable142022revised.zip), Office for National Statistics
13. [ONS: Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14.7a (Annual pay - Gross), 4-digit SOC 9132, United Kingdom, 2025. Office for National Statistics, Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings, Table 14. Licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.](https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/datasets/occupation4digitsoc2010ashetable14/2025provisional/ashetable142025provisional.zip), Office for National Statistics
14. [Jobs and Skills Australia: Packers (ABS Survey of Employee Earnings and Hours, May 2025)](https://www.jobsandskills.gov.au/data/occupation-and-industry-profiles/occupations/8321-packers), Jobs and Skills Australia / Australian Bureau of Statistics

### Tool eras

15. [IPUMS USA — 1900-1920 Census occupational data; "packers and wrappers" and "cannery workers" historical categories](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
16. [Smithsonian Institution — "The American Tin Can: History and Technology" (tin can evolution, rotary sealer, hand-packing era)](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_843898), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
17. [Packaging Digest — "History of Paperboard Packaging" (folding carton standardization 1920s-1930s, food industry adoption)](https://www.packagingdigest.com/sustainable-packaging/history-of-paperboard-packaging), Packaging Digest
18. [Wikipedia — "Cellophane" (DuPont built first US cellophane plant ~1924; moisture-proof coating 1927 enabled food packaging adoption through 1930s)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellophane), Wikipedia
19. [PMMI — The Association for Packaging and Processing Technologies (industry body for packaging and processing machinery manufacturers; covers case erector and form-fill-seal technology development)](https://www.pmmi.org/about), PMMI / The Association for Packaging and Processing Technologies
20. [Packaging World — "The Birth of the Blister Pack: 60 Years of Pharmaceutical Packaging" (1960s blister-pack introduction)](https://www.packworld.com/machinery/pharmaceutical/article/13375785/60-years-of-blister-packaging), Packaging World
21. [Sealed Air Corporation — "Who We Are / Our History" (1957 bubble wrap invention, 1960 Sealed Air founded, Instapak foam-in-place acquired in 1970s)](https://www.sealedair.com/who-we-are), Sealed Air Corporation
22. [Smithsonian National Museum of American History — UPC barcode first commercial scan, June 26, 1974 (Marsh supermarket, Troy OH)](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1394024), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
23. [Amazon — "Amazon uses robots that sort, lift, and carry packages" (Amazon Robotics overview including history of Amazon fulfillment center robotics)](https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-robotics-robots-fulfillment-center), Amazon
24. [Manhattan Associates — "Our Story and Timeline" (founding 1990, development of Pick Ticket Management System and Warehouse Management System technology)](https://www.manh.com/about-us/our-story-and-timeline), Manhattan Associates
25. [AutoStore — "Logistics Hall of Fame for AutoStore founders" (founded 1996 in Norway; 1,250+ systems in 50 countries; cube-based automated storage and retrieval system)](https://www.autostoresystem.com/news/autostore-founders-are-set-to-be-inducted-into-the-logistics-hall-of-fame), AutoStore
26. [Symbotic — Autonomous case-handling robotics for wholesale distribution; Walmart DC deployment; $5.5B IPO valuation (2022)](https://www.symbotic.com/solutions/), Symbotic
27. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Packers and Packagers, Hand (2024-34 job outlook, automation context)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/hand-laborers-and-material-movers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Forecasts and exposure studies

28. [BLS Employment Projections 2025-35, National Employment Matrix: 53-7064 Packers and packagers, hand (2025: 555.5 thousand; 2035: 528.0 thousand; -5.0%)](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7064&ioType=o), Bureau of Labor Statistics
29. [Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?", Appendix (SOC 53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand: probability 0.38, rank 264 of 702)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford
30. [Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin & Rock (2023), "GPTs are GPTs", occupation-level exposure data occ\_level.csv (O\*NET-SOC 53-7064.00, human-rated β 0.1)](https://github.com/openai/GPTs-are-GPTs/blob/main/data/occ_level.csv), OpenAI

### Historical notes

31. [Library of Congress — Upton Sinclair, 'The Jungle' (1906); Pure Food and Drug Act and Federal Meat Inspection Act legislative history](https://www.loc.gov/item/2018655942/), Library of Congress
32. [Sealed Air Corporation — "Who We Are / Our History" (1957 invention, 1960 founding, Bubble Wrap patent, IBM 1401 first commercial use)](https://www.sealedair.com/who-we-are), Sealed Air Corporation
33. [Smithsonian National Museum of American History — UPC barcode first commercial scan, June 26, 1974 (Marsh supermarket, Troy OH)](https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_1394024), Smithsonian National Museum of American History
34. [Amazon — "Amazon uses robots that sort, lift, and carry packages" (Amazon Robotics overview including history of fulfillment center operations)](https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-robotics-robots-fulfillment-center), Amazon
35. [Frey & Osborne (2013) — "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?" (Oxford Martin School; 53-7064 at 0.98 probability, highest in dataset)](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf), Oxford Martin School
36. [US Census Bureau — Quarterly E-Commerce Sales: Q2 2020 e-commerce +44.5% year-over-year (largest quarterly gain in recorded series)](https://www.census.gov/retail/mrts/www/data/pdf/ec_current.pdf), US Census Bureau
37. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Packers and Packagers, Hand (2024 employment ~697,000; 2024-34 projections, automation context)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/hand-laborers-and-material-movers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Predecessors & successors

38. [IPUMS USA — historical Census occupational mobility; Great Migration context (agricultural laborers to cannery and packing-house work)](https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/9050occup.shtml), IPUMS / University of Minnesota
39. [BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook — Packers and Packagers, Hand (related occupations and entry pathways)](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/hand-laborers-and-material-movers.htm), Bureau of Labor Statistics

### Present-day analysis

- [O\*NET 30.3 — Packers and Packagers, Hand (53-7064.00)](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-7064.00), accessed 2026-06-03
- [BLS OES May 2023 — 53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand (median $17.10/hr, 591,800 employed)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes537064.htm), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Supply Chain Dive — Amazon CartonWrap: 600-700 packages/hour, replaces ~24 workers per unit](https://www.supplychaindive.com/news/Amazon-packing-robotics/554642/), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Metaintro — Amazon 1 million robots deployed by mid-2025, targeting replacement of 600,000 future hires](https://www.metaintro.com/blog/amazon-1-million-robots-600000-warehouse-jobs-workers-2026), accessed 2026-06-03
- [WEF Future of Jobs Report 2025 — 170M jobs created, 92M displaced by 2030; manual production roles under pressure](https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_Report_2025.pdf), accessed 2026-06-03
- [IDTechEx — Collaborative Robots 2025-2045: cobot market growing ~30% annually, packaging key application](https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/collaborative-robots-2025/1046), accessed 2026-06-03
- [Convergix Automation — How Robotics Are Reshaping the Food Packaging Industry in 2025](https://convergixautomation.com/news-insights/how-robotics-are-reshaping-the-food-packaging-industry-in-2025), accessed 2026-06-03
- [willrobotstakemyjob.com — Packers and Packagers, Hand: -5.4% employment projected by 2034, high automation risk](https://willrobotstakemyjob.com/packers-and-packagers-hand), accessed 2026-06-03

How to read these figures: https://futurehistory.earth/methodology. Every figure links to its own source; gaps stay gaps.