# What happened to the jobs a 2013 study called most automatable?

Data story. Markdown version of https://futurehistory.earth/trends/automation-predictions-2013

Of the 135 jobs here that Frey and Osborne scored in 2013, they put 39 at a probability of computerisation of 0.90 or higher. By May 2025, 18 of those 39 employed more people than in May 2013 and 21 employed fewer, by BLS's count (BLS OEWS; change derived by Future History).

Data as of: Frey and Osborne (2013); BLS OEWS May 2013 and May 2025.

## Probability in 2013, and BLS counts then and now

| Rank | Job | Probability of computerisation (Frey and Osborne, 2013) | Jobs, May 2013 (BLS OEWS) | Jobs, May 2025 (BLS OEWS) | Percent change in jobs (change derived by Future History) | Sources |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | [Insurance Underwriters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-2053) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.99 (2013) | 92,540 (May 2013) | 105,420 (May 2025) | +14% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 2 | [New Accounts Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-4141) | 0.99 (2013) | 56,990 (May 2013) | 36,860 (May 2025) | -35% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 3 | [Tax Preparers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-2082) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.99 (2013) | 67,810 (May 2013) | 76,480 (May 2025) | +13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 4 | [Telemarketers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-9041) | 0.99 (2013) | 231,900 (May 2013) | 58,430 (May 2025) | -75% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 5 | [Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-3031) | 0.98 (2013) | 1,586,380 (May 2013) | 1,373,680 (May 2025) | -13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 6 | [Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-1031) | 0.98 (2013) | 275,500 (May 2013) | 324,230 (May 2025) | +18% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 7 | [Driver/Sales Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-3031) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.98 (2013) | 396,470 (May 2013) | 409,180 (May 2025) | +3% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 8 | [Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-9061) | 0.98 (2013) | 471,750 (May 2013) | 597,370 (May 2025) | +27% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 9 | [Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-9041) | 0.98 (2013) | 236,160 (May 2013) | 214,260 (May 2025) | -9% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 10 | [Loan Officers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-2072) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.98 (2013) | 301,860 (May 2013) | 274,330 (May 2025) | -9% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 11 | [Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-9111) | 0.98 (2013) | 372,210 (May 2013) | 379,060 (May 2025) | +2% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 12 | [Parts Salespersons](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-2022) | 0.98 (2013) | 221,270 (May 2013) | 270,070 (May 2025) | +22% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 13 | [Tellers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-3071) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.98 (2013) | 527,680 (May 2013) | 329,480 (May 2025) | -38% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 14 | [Cashiers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-2011) | 0.97 (2013) | 3,343,470 (May 2013) | 3,089,410 (May 2025) | -8% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 15 | [File Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-4071) | 0.97 (2013) | 152,920 (May 2013) | 73,440 (May 2025) | -52% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 16 | [Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-7042) | 0.97 (2013) | 66,540 (May 2013) | 61,420 (May 2025) | -8% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 17 | [Billing and Posting Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-3021) | 0.96 (2013) | 493,840 (May 2013) | 404,060 (May 2025) | -18% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 18 | [Cooks, Restaurant](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-2014) | 0.96 (2013) | 1,057,550 (May 2013) | 1,409,890 (May 2025) | +33% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 19 | [Office Clerks, General](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-9061) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.96 (2013) | 2,832,010 (May 2013) | 2,464,940 (May 2025) | -13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 20 | [Secretaries and Administrative Assistants](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-6014) | 0.96 (2013) | 2,159,000 (May 2013) | 1,706,790 (May 2025) | -21% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 21 | [Surveying and Mapping Technicians](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-3031) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.96 (2013) | 47,950 (May 2013) | 58,010 (May 2025) | +21% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 22 | [Bill and Account Collectors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-3011) | 0.95 (2013) | 368,850 (May 2013) | 158,830 (May 2025) | -57% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 23 | [Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-4033) | 0.95 (2013) | 70,910 (May 2013) | 67,000 (May 2025) | -6% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 24 | [Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2073) | 0.95 (2013) | 340,950 (May 2013) | 478,090 (May 2025) | +40% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 25 | [Accountants and Auditors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-2011) | 0.94 (2013) | 1,168,330 (May 2013) | 1,449,500 (May 2025) | +24% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 26 | [Cooks, Short Order](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-2015) | 0.94 (2013) | 167,480 (May 2013) | 138,650 (May 2025) | -17% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 27 | [Paralegals and Legal Assistants](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/23-2011) | 0.94 (2013) | 271,320 (May 2013) | 392,880 (May 2025) | +45% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 28 | [Waiters and Waitresses](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-3031) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.94 (2013) | 2,403,960 (May 2013) | 2,270,910 (May 2025) | -6% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 29 | [Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-4121) | 0.94 (2013) | 352,250 (May 2013) | 416,210 (May 2025) | +18% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 30 | [Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-9041) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.93 (2013) | 69,740 (May 2013) | 58,770 (May 2025) | -16% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 31 | [Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7051) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.93 (2013) | 504,560 (May 2013) | 774,420 (May 2025) | +53% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 32 | [Machine Feeders and Offbearers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7063) | 0.93 (2013) | 106,160 (May 2013) | 42,330 (May 2025) | -60% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 33 | [Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7081) | 0.93 (2013) | 116,460 (May 2013) | 147,240 (May 2025) | +26% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 34 | [Loan Interviewers and Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-4131) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.92 (2013) | 213,270 (May 2013) | 164,790 (May 2025) | -23% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 35 | [Pharmacy Technicians](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/29-2052) | 0.92 (2013) | 362,690 (May 2013) | 471,680 (May 2025) | +30% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 36 | [Retail Salespersons](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-2031) | 0.92 (2013) | 4,485,180 (May 2013) | 3,897,860 (May 2025) | -13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 37 | [Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-9011) | 0.91 (2013) | 409,700 (May 2013) | 542,750 (May 2025) | +32% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 38 | [Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-4021) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.91 (2013) | 73,140 (May 2013) | 60,840 (May 2025) | -17% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 39 | [Roofers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2181) | 0.9 (2013) | 99,060 (May 2013) | 135,490 (May 2025) | +37% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 40 | [Sewing Machine Operators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-6031) | 0.89 (2013) | 143,370 (May 2013) | 104,880 (May 2025) | -27% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 41 | [Construction Laborers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2061) | 0.88 (2013) | 824,970 (May 2013) | 1,096,780 (May 2025) | +33% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 42 | [Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-5061) | 0.88 (2013) | 281,930 (May 2013) | 390,160 (May 2025) | +38% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 43 | [Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-9012) | 0.88 (2013) | 42,510 (May 2013) | 60,100 (May 2025) | +41% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 44 | [Food Preparation Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-2021) | 0.87 (2013) | 824,080 (May 2013) | 893,600 (May 2025) | +8% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 45 | [Real Estate Sales Agents](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-9022) | 0.86 (2013) | 158,850 (May 2013) | 193,370 (May 2025) | +22% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 46 | [Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7062) | 0.85 (2013) | 2,284,650 (May 2013) | 2,950,280 (May 2025) | +29% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 47 | [Security Guards](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-9032) | 0.84 (2013) | 1,066,730 (May 2013) | 1,283,470 (May 2025) | +20% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 48 | [Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-2012) | 0.83 (2013) | 399,940 (May 2013) | 441,050 (May 2025) | +10% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 49 | [Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2131) | 0.83 (2013) | 23,850 (May 2013) | 44,440 (May 2025) | +86% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 50 | [Brickmasons and Blockmasons](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2021) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.82 (2013) | 58,730 (May 2013) | 52,550 (May 2025) | -11% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 51 | [Engine and Other Machine Assemblers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-2031) | 0.82 (2013) | 39,620 (May 2013) | 34,000 (May 2025) | -14% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 52 | [Cooks, Fast Food](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-2011) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.81 (2013) | 507,940 (May 2013) | 641,070 (May 2025) | +26% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 53 | [Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-3032) | 0.79 (2013) | 1,585,300 (May 2013) | 2,062,040 (May 2025) | +30% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 54 | [Bartenders](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/35-3011) | 0.77 (2013) | 555,560 (May 2013) | 756,390 (May 2025) | +36% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 55 | [Archivists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-4011) | 0.76 (2013) | 5,560 (May 2013) | 7,970 (May 2025) | +43% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 56 | [Painters, Construction and Maintenance](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2141) | 0.75 (2013) | 192,890 (May 2013) | 225,190 (May 2025) | +17% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 57 | [Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-3031) | 0.73 (2013) | 238,150 (May 2013) | 289,960 (May 2025) | +22% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 58 | [Amusement and Recreation Attendants](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/39-3091) | 0.72 (2013) | 260,680 (May 2013) | 397,830 (May 2025) | +53% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 59 | [Carpenters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2031) | 0.72 (2013) | 580,570 (May 2013) | 670,090 (May 2025) | +15% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 60 | [Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-3011) | 0.71 (2013) | 115,410 (May 2013) | 138,090 (May 2025) | +20% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 61 | [Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-2012) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.69 (2013) | 917,470 (May 2013) | 860,670 (May 2025) | -6% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 62 | [Mechanical Drafters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-3013) | 0.68 (2013) | 63,180 (May 2013) | 39,960 (May 2025) | -37% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 63 | [Postal Service Mail Carriers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-5052) | 0.68 (2013) | 307,490 (May 2013) | 328,820 (May 2025) | +7% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 64 | [Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-9196) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.67 (2013) | 94,910 (May 2013) | 96,130 (May 2025) | +1% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 65 | [Helpers--Production Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-9198) | 0.66 (2013) | 426,670 (May 2013) | 165,700 (May 2025) | -61% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 66 | [Janitors and Building Cleaners](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-2011) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.66 (2013) | 2,101,810 (May 2013) | 2,209,760 (May 2025) | +5% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 67 | [Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-9021) | 0.65 (2013) | 251,700 (May 2013) | 409,670 (May 2025) | +63% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 68 | [Maintenance and Repair Workers, General](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-9071) | 0.64 (2013) | 1,249,080 (May 2013) | 1,529,700 (May 2025) | +22% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 69 | [Physical Therapist Aides](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/31-2022) | 0.61 (2013) | 48,630 (May 2013) | 48,150 (May 2025) | -1% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 70 | [Correctional Officers and Jailers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-3012) | 0.6 (2013) | 432,680 (May 2013) | 380,500 (May 2025) | -12% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 71 | [Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-3023) | 0.59 (2013) | 604,990 (May 2013) | 704,640 (May 2025) | +16% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 72 | [Millwrights](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-9044) | 0.59 (2013) | 38,680 (May 2013) | 40,330 (May 2025) | +4% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 73 | [Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-3071) | 0.59 (2013) | 102,610 (May 2013) | 221,180 (May 2025) | +116% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 74 | [Personal Financial Advisors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-2052) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.58 (2013) | 183,420 (May 2013) | 266,800 (May 2025) | +45% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 75 | [Cost Estimators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/13-1051) | 0.57 (2013) | 202,600 (May 2013) | 224,220 (May 2025) | +11% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 76 | [Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-3015) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.57 (2013) | 47,160 (May 2013) | 44,330 (May 2025) | -6% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 77 | [Customer Service Representatives](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/43-4051) | 0.55 (2013) | 2,389,580 (May 2013) | 2,595,750 (May 2025) | +9% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 78 | [Demonstrators and Product Promoters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-9011) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.51 (2013) | 76,870 (May 2013) | 64,520 (May 2025) | -16% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 79 | [Dental Assistants](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/31-9091) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.51 (2013) | 309,540 (May 2013) | 387,790 (May 2025) | +25% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 80 | [Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-2094) | 0.41 (2013) | 67,410 (May 2013) | 65,010 (May 2025) | -4% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 81 | [Packers and Packagers, Hand](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7064) | 0.38 (2013) | 672,020 (May 2013) | 559,820 (May 2025) | -17% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 82 | [Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7061) | 0.37 (2013) | 311,940 (May 2013) | 380,430 (May 2025) | +22% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 83 | [Flight Attendants](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-2031) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.35 (2013) | 93,550 (May 2013) | 131,650 (May 2025) | +41% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 84 | [Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2152) | 0.35 (2013) | 351,380 (May 2013) | 465,840 (May 2025) | +33% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 85 | [Detectives and Criminal Investigators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-3021) | 0.34 (2013) | 109,960 (May 2013) | 114,430 (May 2025) | +4% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 86 | [Surgical Technologists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/29-2055) | 0.34 (2013) | 97,930 (May 2013) | 117,460 (May 2025) | +20% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 87 | [Private Detectives and Investigators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-9021) | 0.31 (2013) | 25,820 (May 2013) | 35,580 (May 2025) | +38% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 88 | [First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-1011) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.28 (2013) | 1,213,550 (May 2013) | 1,121,800 (May 2025) | -8% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 89 | [Computer Hardware Engineers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2061) | 0.22 (2013) | 77,670 (May 2013) | 76,660 (May 2025) | -1% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 90 | [Actuaries](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/15-2011) | 0.21 (2013) | 20,080 (May 2013) | 26,670 (May 2025) | +33% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 91 | [Firefighters](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-2011) | 0.17 (2013) | 302,870 (May 2013) | 345,990 (May 2025) | +14% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 92 | [Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-2022) | 0.17 (2013) | 621,970 (May 2013) | 620,090 (May 2025) | 0% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 93 | [General and Operations Managers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-1021) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.16 (2013) | 1,973,700 (May 2013) | 3,503,020 (May 2025) | +77% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 94 | [Electricians](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/47-2111) | 0.15 (2013) | 542,680 (May 2013) | 757,220 (May 2025) | +40% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 95 | [Urban and Regional Planners](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/19-3051) | 0.13 (2013) | 35,940 (May 2013) | 44,230 (May 2025) | +23% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 96 | [Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/39-5012) | 0.11 (2013) | 351,960 (May 2013) | 305,710 (May 2025) | -13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 97 | [Chemists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/19-2031) | 0.1 (2013) | 87,560 (May 2013) | 82,770 (May 2025) | -5% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 98 | [Electrical Engineers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2071) | 0.1 (2013) | 168,100 (May 2013) | 198,750 (May 2025) | +18% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 99 | [Travel Agents](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-3041) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.099 (2013) | 64,250 (May 2013) | 55,110 (May 2025) | -14% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 100 | [Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/33-3051) | 0.098 (2013) | 635,380 (May 2013) | 670,520 (May 2025) | +6% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 101 | [Childcare Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/39-9011) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.084 (2013) | 597,900 (May 2013) | 518,910 (May 2025) | -13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 102 | [Graphic Designers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-1024) | 0.082 (2013) | 194,360 (May 2013) | 197,830 (May 2025) | +2% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 103 | [Musicians and Singers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-2042) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.074 (2013) | 39,260 (May 2013) | 36,180 (May 2025) | -8% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 104 | [Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/29-2061) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.058 (2013) | 705,200 (May 2013) | 648,410 (May 2025) | -8% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 105 | [Editors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-3041) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.055 (2013) | 98,790 (May 2013) | 91,690 (May 2025) | -7% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 106 | [Mathematicians](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/15-2021) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.047 (2013) | 3,030 (May 2013) | 2,030 (May 2025) | -33% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 107 | [Landscape Architects](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-1012) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.045 (2013) | 16,330 (May 2013) | 19,600 (May 2025) | +20% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 108 | [Political Scientists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/19-3094) | 0.039 (2013) | 5,570 (May 2013) | 5,540 (May 2025) | -1% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 109 | [Writers and Authors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-3043) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.038 (2013) | 43,590 (May 2013) | 47,940 (May 2025) | +10% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 110 | [Computer and Information Systems Managers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-3021) | 0.035 (2013) | 319,080 (May 2013) | 670,570 (May 2025) | +110% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 111 | [Lawyers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/23-1011) | 0.035 (2013) | 592,670 (May 2013) | 754,500 (May 2025) | +27% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 112 | [Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/19-2041) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.033 (2013) | 87,380 (May 2013) | 89,250 (May 2025) | +2% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 113 | [Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2111) | 0.028 (2013) | 23,850 (May 2013) | 21,450 (May 2025) | -10% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 114 | [Art Directors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-1011) | 0.023 (2013) | 32,250 (May 2013) | 53,070 (May 2025) | +65% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 115 | [Fashion Designers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-1022) | 0.021 (2013) | 17,370 (May 2013) | 21,450 (May 2025) | +23% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 116 | [Civil Engineers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2051) | 0.019 (2013) | 262,170 (May 2013) | 367,840 (May 2025) | +40% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 117 | [Architects, Except Landscape and Naval](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-1011) | 0.018 (2013) | 84,210 (May 2013) | 106,770 (May 2025) | +27% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 118 | [Physical Therapist Assistants](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/31-2021) | 0.018 (2013) | 72,640 (May 2013) | 112,430 (May 2025) | +55% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 119 | [First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/51-1011) | 0.016 (2013) | 580,620 (May 2013) | 673,430 (May 2025) | +16% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 120 | [Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/41-3031) | 0.016 (2013) | 325,140 (May 2013) | 489,570 (May 2025) | +51% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 121 | [Chief Executives](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-1011) | 0.015 (2013) | 248,760 (May 2013) | 204,350 (May 2025) | -18% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 122 | [Marketing Managers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-2021) | 0.014 (2013) | 174,010 (May 2013) | 395,240 (May 2025) | +127% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 123 | [Coaches and Scouts](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/27-2022) | 0.013 (2013) | 206,080 (May 2013) | 248,950 (May 2025) | +21% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 124 | [Sales Managers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-2022) | 0.013 (2013) | 352,220 (May 2013) | 637,080 (May 2025) | +81% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 125 | [Pharmacists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/29-1051) | 0.012 (2013) | 287,420 (May 2013) | 321,970 (May 2025) | +12% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 126 | [Clergy](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/21-2011) | 0.0081 (2013) | 45,020 (May 2013) | 57,200 (May 2025) | +27% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 127 | [Secondary School Teachers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-2031) | 0.0078 (2013) | 946,730 (May 2013) | 1,065,210 (May 2025) | +13% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 128 | [Medical and Health Services Managers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/11-9111) | 0.0073 (2013) | 300,180 (May 2013) | 597,080 (May 2025) | +99% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 129 | [Recreation Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/39-9032) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.0061 (2013) | 317,310 (May 2013) | 331,490 (May 2025) | +4% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 130 | [Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/19-1042) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.0045 (2013) | 104,280 (May 2013) | 172,340 (May 2025) | +65% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 131 | [Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-2021) | 0.0044 (2013) | 1,344,240 (May 2013) | 1,388,390 (May 2025) | +3% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 132 | [Instructional Coordinators](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-9031) | 0.0042 (2013) | 133,840 (May 2013) | 227,760 (May 2025) | +70% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 133 | [Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/29-1022) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.0036 (2013) | 5,280 (May 2013) | 4,910 (May 2025) | -7% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 134 | [Healthcare Social Workers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/21-1022) | 0.0035 (2013) | 141,830 (May 2013) | 187,630 (May 2025) | +32% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |
| 135 | [First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/49-1011) (This count moved sharply in one step, May 2020 to May 2021, when BLS changed its method: read the change with care.) | 0.003 (2013) | 428,620 (May 2013) | 617,500 (May 2025) | +44% (derived) | [Frey and Osborne (2013), appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf); [BLS OEWS May 2013](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm13nat.zip); [BLS OEWS May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm25nat.zip) |

## How this list was made

- Rows are the 135 jobs on our timelines that carry Frey and Osborne's published 2013 probability under the same occupation code, with BLS OEWS counts for May 2013 and May 2025 on one unbroken basis. Ordered by the 2013 probability, highest first.
- The answer and the chart count jobs at 0.90 or higher; Frey and Osborne themselves called anything above 0.7 high risk.
- Frey and Osborne scored 171 of their occupations 0.90 or higher. The chart shows the 39 of them we can follow; the rest are not on our timelines, or we cannot follow them on one unchanged occupation code with BLS counts for both years.
- The "47% of jobs" in the page title is Frey and Osborne's own headline estimate ("about 47 percent of total US employment is at risk"): the share of US jobs in occupations they put above 0.7. It describes what computers could technically do, not a count of jobs lost, and this page does not test it.
- The change derived by Future History is computed from the two BLS counts.
- Every change here spans May 2021, when BLS moved to a model-based estimate that pools three years of survey data, so the counts at the two ends were made in different ways. A row is marked when its step from May 2020 to May 2021 is at least 3 times the size of its typical other one-year step and at least a quarter the size of the whole change shown. 37 of the 135 rows are marked.

## What these numbers cannot tell you

- Frey and Osborne gave no date. They estimated what computers could technically do over "some unspecified number of years, perhaps a decade or two", not how many jobs would go, so this is not a test of a forecast they made.
- A job can grow for reasons that have nothing to do with automation, and shrink for others. The counts say what happened, not why.
- In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.
- BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend.

## Left out because the occupation code changed

- [Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-3052): Frey and Osborne scored it under a 2010 occupation code that the 2018 codes renumbered, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.
- [Computer Programmers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/15-1251): Frey and Osborne scored it under a 2010 occupation code that the 2018 codes renumbered, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.
- [Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/21-1012): The 2018 occupation codes split, merged or renamed it, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.
- [Fitness Trainers and Instructors](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/39-9031): The 2018 occupation codes split, merged or renamed it, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.
- [Light Truck Drivers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-3033): The 2018 occupation codes split, merged or renamed it, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.
- [Special Education Teachers, Middle School](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/25-2057): Frey and Osborne scored it under a 2010 occupation code that the 2018 codes renumbered, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.
- [Stockers and Order Fillers](https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/53-7065): Frey and Osborne scored it under a 2010 occupation code that the 2018 codes renumbered, so the 2013 and latest counts may not cover the same workers.

## Sources

- [Frey and Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment", appendix](https://oms-www.files.svdcdn.com/production/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf)
- [BLS OEWS national estimates, May 2013 and May 2025](https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm)
- [BLS, OEWS notice on the May 2021 estimates (new model-based method, MB3)](https://www.bls.gov/oes/notices/2023/the-may-2021-estimates.htm)
- [BLS, 2010 SOC to 2018 SOC crosswalk (November 2017)](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/soc_2010_to_2018_crosswalk.xlsx)
- [Michael J. Handel, BLS, Monthly Labor Review, July 2022: "Growth trends for selected occupations considered at risk from automation"](https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2022/article/growth-trends-for-selected-occupations-considered-at-risk-from-automation.htm)
- [Christine Machovec, Michael J. Rieley and Emily Rolen, BLS, Monthly Labor Review, February 2025: "Incorporating AI impacts in BLS employment projections: occupational case studies"](https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2025/article/incorporating-ai-impacts-in-bls-employment-projections.htm)
- Each row also names the exact sources for its own figures.

## Explore these jobs by industry

- [Admin & Office](https://futurehistory.earth/family/admin)
- [Manufacturing](https://futurehistory.earth/family/manufacturing)
- [Construction](https://futurehistory.earth/family/construction)
- [Sales](https://futurehistory.earth/family/sales)
- [Transportation](https://futurehistory.earth/family/transportation)
- [Engineering](https://futurehistory.earth/family/engineering)

All trends and data stories: https://futurehistory.earth/trends