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Landscapers and groundskeepers

Official title Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers (SOC 37-3011)

Also called Landscaper, Groundskeeper, Grounds maintenance worker, Lawn care technician, Greenskeeper

In brief

In May 2025, BLS counted 952,640 US landscapers and groundskeepers, with median pay of $39,150 a year. Of the BLS counts since 2020, the May 2025 count is the highest. The earliest figure here is an estimate of 4,000 from 1859, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for landscapers and groundskeepers: GPS fleet management, estimating software, and smart irrigation controllers, 1990 to 2015.

What the sources say

Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 4.7% from 2025 to 2035.

BLS Employment Projections 2025-35

AI exposure studies

  • 2.4% of this job's tasks are exposed to large language models. Not a forecast of job losses. Eloundou and others, 2023
  • 0.95 estimated probability that the whole occupation could be computerised, over an unspecified number of years. Not a forecast of job losses. Frey and Osborne, 2013

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

Last updated .

Cite this page
APA

Future History. (2026, October 11). Landscapers and groundskeepers: jobs and pay since 1859 [Data set; data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35]. https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-3011

Chicago

Future History. "Landscapers and groundskeepers: jobs and pay since 1859." Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. Last modified October 11, 2026. https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-3011.

BibTeX

@misc{futurehistory_37_3011, author = {{Future History}}, title = {Landscapers and groundskeepers: jobs and pay since 1859}, year = {2026}, month = oct, howpublished = {\url{https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/37-3011}}, note = {Last updated 2026-10-11. Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35}, }

The access date is today's date on your device.

drag to travel through time
187519001925195019752000now
Country
2026
Known then as Gardener / Grounds Laborer (estate and park era)
Known then as Garden Laborer / Groundskeeper (institutional and estate service)
Known then as Lawn Service Worker / Gardener (suburban commercial era)
Known then as Grounds Maintenance Worker / Landscaper (professionalized trade era)
Known then as Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers (BLS SOC 37-3011)
Known today as Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers (BLS SOC 37-3011)
Projected to still be called Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers (BLS SOC 37-3011)
Data from the May 2025 survey
US Employment
953K
Est.

Stated in source: BLS OEWS

Official statistic
Report an error
Median Annual Wage
$39,150
Est.

≈ $38,146 in 2024 prices (derived by us, CPI-adjusted)

Official statistic
Report an error
Beat · 1858

Frederick Law Olmsted is appointed superintendent of Central Park in 1858 and begins executing the Greensward Plan with co-designer Calvert Vaux. The park's head gardener, Ignaz Pilat, oversees the horticultural work. At peak in 1859, an estimated 4,000 laborers are employed on the site -- grading, blasting rock, planting trees, and cultivating grass from swamp and rubble. Central Park establishes the occupational template for the modern grounds maintenance worker: an outdoor laborer who cares for a designed landscape rather than farming it.

Beat · 1868

Amariah Hills of Hockanum, Connecticut receives the first American patent for a reel-type lawn mower on January 28, 1868. Two years later, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designs a lightweight push version that becomes a commercial success. By 1885 the US is producing 50,000 reel mowers annually for domestic use and export. The mower makes the suburban lawn a practical possibility for middle-class homeowners -- and creates the commercial premise for residential lawn maintenance as a paid service.

Beat · 1961

The Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) is founded in 1961, marking the first national trade association specifically for the landscape contracting profession. The founding recognizes that landscaping has become a distinct commercial industry, no longer simply an extension of gardening or agriculture. ALCA would eventually merge in 2005 with the Professional Lawn Care Association of America (PLCAA, founded 1979) to form PLANET, which in 2015 became the National Association of Landscape Professionals (NALP).

Beat · 1969

ChemLawn is founded in Troy, Ohio by Paul and Richard Duke. Their model -- uniformed technicians in company trucks making scheduled visits to apply fertilizer and weed control -- converts lawn care from a DIY activity into a subscription service. By the mid-1970s, chemical lawn care is a nationally recognized consumer category. ChemLawn is sold to Ecolab in 1987 for $376 million, and then to ServiceMaster in 1992 for $103 million, eventually becoming TruGreen. The ChemLawn model creates the route-based commercial grounds maintenance workforce that defines the industry's labor structure for the following five decades.

Beat · 1980

Starting in the 1980s, Latino immigrants become the dominant workforce in US commercial landscaping. By the early 2000s, Hispanic workers account for a majority of the grounds maintenance labor force -- and 45% of landscaping fatalities, reflecting the physical hazards of the work (equipment injuries, heat illness, roadside work zone exposures). The H-2B visa program becomes a structural feature of the industry's labor supply, with landscaping services eventually receiving 31.3% of all seasonal-worker H-2B allocations -- the largest single industry share of any category.

Beat · 1995

Husqvarna introduces the Solar Mower, the world's first robotic lawn mower, in 1995. It is a residential product with limited commercial application. The company sells its millionth robotic mower by 2021, demonstrating that autonomous mowing has real consumer market penetration. The commercial robotic mowing frontier -- large flat turf managed by wire-free GPS robots -- arrives in earnest with the CEORA platform in December 2020. The arc from 1995 to 2026 illustrates how long the gap is between a technology's residential and commercial viability.

Beat · 2015

By 2015, between 1982 and 1997, lawn development consumed approximately 382,850 acres annually as suburban sprawl intensified -- nearly all of it requiring maintenance. The lawn care business had reached an estimated $40 billion in annual revenue by the early 2000s, growing to $99 billion by 2019 and $188.8 billion by 2025. This sustained revenue growth, driven by commercial property expansion, HOA-managed communities, and municipal green-space investment, is the structural reason employment in the occupation has continued to grow despite increasing mechanization of individual tasks.

Beat · 2020

Husqvarna launches the CEORA commercial robotic mower platform in December 2020, targeting parks, schools, corporate campuses, and municipal properties with large open turf areas. CEORA uses RTK satellite navigation with no boundary wire -- a significant operational simplification over earlier perimeter-wire models. The timing coincides with severe labor shortages in commercial landscaping during COVID-19: many landscape contractors report losing 20-30% of their workforce. This labor crisis accelerates interest in robotic equipment among commercial operators who previously had no economic incentive to invest at scale.

How to read this number

OEWS is a point-in-time survey snapshot, not a continuous time series; BLS advises against using it for year-over-year trend comparison.

Each dot is a cited figure over time; the dotted line only links them (values between aren't measured). Hollow dots are estimates.

Official statistic: Copied by a script from a statistics agency table or a published study's table, not retyped by hand. BLS figures and the forecast and exposure tables are also re-checked against that table on every data run. Researched context: Researched from the cited source rather than copied from it by a script, so it is not machine-checked yet. Spot a mistake? Each figure has a “Report an error” link.

Cited forecasts · present → 2035

Will AI replace landscapers and groundskeepers? What the research says

Each figure is stated by the named source; we publish no forecasts of our own. Where sources disagree, we show the disagreement rather than an average.

Each figure is stated by the named source; we publish no forecasts of our own. Where sources disagree, the spread is the honest signal.

What published forecasts say
Forecast change in the number of people doing this work, as published by each named source. Bars share one scale on every role, centred on zero and reaching the end at ±30%. Grey marks a small change, 3% or less either way.
BLS Employment Projections 2025-35
→ 2035
+4.7%
BLS National Employment Matrix, 2025-35 cycle, line for SOC 37-3011 (Landscaping and groundskeeping workers): 1,188.6 thousand jobs in 2025, projected 1,244.2 thousand in 2035, a change of +55.6 thousand (+4.7%). Matrix employment counts all jobs in the occupation, including self-employed workers (20.2% of this occupation in 2025). The average for all occupations in this cycle is +3.5%.
Official statisticReport an error
How exposed is this work to AI (research measures)
Scores as published by each study. Each row says what it measures. These measure what AI could technically do, not forecasts of jobs lost.
Frey & Osborne (2013), "The Future of Employment"
2013 study · Probability of computerisation (2013 model)
95%
probability
What this measures

Published appendix value for SOC 2010 37-3011 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers: probability of computerisation 0.95, rank 623 of 702 (rank 1 is least computerisable). Frey and Osborne estimated in 2013, with a Gaussian-process classifier on O*NET variables, how likely the whole occupation is to be technically automatable over "some unspecified number of years, perhaps a decade or two". It is a probability for the occupation, not a share of tasks and not a forecast of jobs lost.

Official statisticReport an error
Eloundou et al. (2023), "GPTs are GPTs"
2023 study · Share of tasks exposed to LLMs (β, human-rated)
2.4%
of tasks
What this measures

Published occupation-level exposure from the paper's occ_level.csv for O*NET-SOC 37-3011.00 Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers. Shown: human-rated β = 0.024, the share of the occupation's tasks an LLM could do in at least half the time at equal quality, counting tasks that need LLM-powered software at half weight (β = E1 + 0.5 × E2). Other published measures for this occupation: human-rated α (LLM alone) 0 and γ (all LLM-assisted) 0.049; GPT-4-rated β 0.024. This measures how much of the work an LLM could touch, not how many jobs disappear.

Official statisticReport an error
Today, in this role

What's changing day to day for landscapers and groundskeepers

Three parts of your work where AI is already doing real lifting, and what stays yours.

AI is sitting alongside you hereMow, edge, and maintain turf on commercial, municipal, and residential properties using ride-on and push mowers

Mow, edge, and maintain turf on commercial, municipal, and residential properties using ride-on and push mowers; on large flat sites, deploy and monitor autonomous robotic mowers (e.g. Husqvarna Automower EPOS), setting boundary zones, reviewing fleet telemetry, and intervening when robots encounter obstacles or terrain the system cannot resolve.[3],[9],[2]

Where your edge is

Learn to operate robotic mower fleet management software (Husqvarna Fleet Services or equivalent). Workers who can deploy, diagnose, and maintain autonomous mowing units are promoted to site technician roles; those who only operate walk-behind mowers face shrinking roles on large commercial contracts.

AI is sitting alongside you hereSupport landscape proposals and estimates: help measure and photograph site conditions

Support landscape proposals and estimates: help measure and photograph site conditions; use property measurement tools (e.g. Aspire PropertyIntel) to generate aerial takeoffs; assist with plant selection and layout sketches in design software (DynaSCAPE, iScape) for client presentations.[6],[13]

Tools picking this up
Where your edge is

Learn Aspire or Jobber estimating workflows. AI-generated property takeoffs compress proposal time from hours to minutes, but someone still needs to finalize plant specs, adjust for site conditions, and present to the client. Workers who own the proposal step earn more and work in less physically demanding conditions.

AI is sitting alongside you hereTrack and report job completion, equipment condition, and supply usage via mobile field apps (e.g

Track and report job completion, equipment condition, and supply usage via mobile field apps (e.g. Jobber); receive AI-optimized daily route and schedule; log time and materials for invoicing; flag unexpected site conditions (pest damage, irrigation breaks, hazardous trees) for supervisor follow-up.[5],[14]

Tools picking this up
Where your edge is

Become the crew member who owns the field app. Workers comfortable with Jobber or Aspire mobile (logging time accurately, submitting photo documentation, and using the AI-generated quote features) transition more easily to crew lead and operations coordinator roles.

Where landscapers and groundskeepers go next

Natural next steps for someone with your foundation: not exits, evolutions.

What each move takes

Most landscaping supervisors are promoted from crew worker roles; direct field experience is the primary qualification. The shift is driven by demonstrated reliability, equipment expertise, and willingness to manage crew scheduling and customer communication. Workers who adopt field service software (Jobber, Aspire) and robotic equipment operation stand out as supervisor candidates because they are already doing the technology management that supervisors now handle. Median wages for supervisors are roughly 50% higher than for workers.

What you'd add
  • · Crew scheduling and performance management using Jobber or Aspire
  • · Safety training and OSHA 10 certification for grounds and equipment operations
  • · Customer communication: upselling additional services, handling complaints, and producing site inspection reports
  • · Pesticide applicator license (if not already held) to supervise licensed applications
What it takesMost of your skills carry over
Tools of the era

How has the work of landscapers and groundskeepers changed since 1858?

The tools that defined the work, one line per era. Select an era to see how it reshaped the work.

  • Hand tools and horse-drawn equipment (pre-mechanical mower era)

    The groundskeeper of the 1850s worked entirely with hand tools: scythes, sickles, rakes, spades, and wheelbarrows. Large estates and parks maintained their turf using teams of workers swinging scythes -- the same technique that had maintained English manor gardens for centuries. Horse-drawn equipment was used for heavier soil-moving work. The limiting factor was labor: a single worker could scythe and rake perhaps a quarter-acre of turf per day in good conditions. For Olmsted's Central Park crew of 4,000 workers in 1859, the manual intensity of the work was part of its identity -- there was no mechanical shortcut to shaping terrain, planting thousands of trees, or cultivating grass from bare rock and swamp.

  • Reel push mower and early mechanical equipment (Hills patent era)

    On January 28, 1868, Amariah Hills of Hockanum, Connecticut received the first American patent for a reel-type lawn mower, building on the English cylinder mower invented by Edwin Budding in 1830. In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a lightweight human-pushed reel mower that became a commercial success; by 1885 the United States was producing 50,000 lawn mowers annually. The reel mower did not transform professional groundskeeping overnight -- estate and park workers still used large numbers of manual laborers -- but it made the suburban lawn a practical aspiration for middle-class homeowners rather than an exclusively wealthy preoccupation. The mower that still required pushing was the founding tool of the residential lawn; it also seeded a commercial premise: someone had to do this work.

    Effect on the work

    The reel mower democratized lawn ownership but increased total labor demand by expanding the population of lawns that needed maintenance. It did not reduce the number of grounds workers; it created the market for them.

  • Rotary power mower (postwar suburbanization era)

    The rotary power mower transformed professional grounds maintenance after World War II. Propelled by gasoline engines developed during the war, rotary mowers could cut at higher speeds and handle taller, wetter grass than reel designs -- making them practical for the quarter-acre residential lots that characterize postwar suburban developments. Power mower sales in the US climbed from 139,000 units in 1946 to 4.2 million by 1959. For professional groundskeepers, the power mower increased productivity per worker on large properties: a single worker with a riding mower could now manage acreage that previously required a crew. The same period saw the founding of the Associated Landscape Contractors of America (ALCA) in 1961, marking the point at which the profession had sufficient commercial scale to warrant a national trade association.

    Effect on the work

    The rotary power mower dramatically increased the productivity of individual grounds workers on large properties, enabling the commercial landscaping industry to grow without proportional headcount increases. The residential market grew fast enough to absorb the productivity gains -- total employment expanded rather than contracted through the 1950s-60s.

  • Leaf blower, commercial irrigation, and chemical lawn programs (ChemLawn era)

    The leaf blower first appeared in the 1970s as a farm crop-drying tool adapted for grounds work. It sharply reduced the labor time for leaf removal and site cleanup -- a task that had previously required hours of raking -- and quickly became ubiquitous in commercial landscaping. Simultaneously, the commercial chemical lawn care industry emerged: ChemLawn was founded in Troy, Ohio in 1969 by Paul and Richard Duke, offering homeowners scheduled fertilizer and weed-control applications by uniformed technicians. By the mid-1970s, chemical lawn care had become firmly established as a residential service; TruGreen followed in 1973-74. The Professional Lawn Care Association of America was founded in 1979. This era created the multi-crew, route-based commercial landscaping model that still characterizes the industry today.

    Effect on the work

    ChemLawn and TruGreen grew rapidly through the 1970s and 1980s by converting DIY lawn care into a paid service. The industry employed hundreds of thousands of workers in grounds maintenance by the early 1980s. The commercial model created large numbers of driving-intensive, route-based lawn care jobs -- a workforce profile that would persist for decades.

  • GPS fleet management, estimating software, and smart irrigation controllers

    The 1990s through 2010s brought digital tools to the logistics layer of landscaping: GPS route optimization, scheduling software, and later smart irrigation controllers transformed back-office operations. Smart irrigation controllers from companies like Rachio (launched 2014) connected weather data and soil-moisture sensing to automated scheduling -- reducing the manual watering decisions that workers previously made site by site. On the business side, field service management platforms (Jobber launched 2011; Aspire followed) automated crew dispatching, customer invoicing, and route optimization for multi-crew commercial operations. The result was not job loss but restructuring: administrative tasks that small owner-operators had done manually between job sites began migrating to software, and crew efficiency on routes improved measurably.

    Effect on the work

    Smart irrigation cut the labor-hours spent on manual irrigation management, but the total savings per site were modest -- irrigation had never been the majority of a grounds crew's time. More significant was route optimization: Jobber-style software reduced drive time between jobs and administrative overhead for small contractors.

  • H-2B visa dependency, consolidation, and mobile field apps

    After 2015, the landscaping industry's labor dynamics were significantly shaped by structural workforce shortages. H-2B visa certifications for seasonal workers show that landscaping services receive 31.3% of all H-2B seasonal-worker allocations -- the largest single industry share. With domestic labor markets tightening, mid-size and large landscaping contractors invested heavily in field operations software (mobile apps for time tracking, job completion documentation, and real-time crew communication). Aspire PropertyIntel, launched in 2023, introduced aerial-imagery-based property measurement that automated the site-takeoff process -- compressing proposal preparation from hours to minutes for large commercial contracts. The era also saw significant consolidation: private-equity rollups of regional landscaping contractors created larger multi-state operators with more capital to invest in technology.

    Effect on the work

    Mobile field apps increased crew accountability and reduced administrative overhead without reducing headcount. If anything, the tight labor market increased wages more than it reduced employment -- the landscaping industry's structural worker shortage meant that technology adoption was driven by the need to retain workers and serve more accounts per crew, not to replace workers with machines.

  • Autonomous robotic mowers and AI job scheduling (commercial scale)

    Husqvarna launched its CEORA commercial robotic mower platform in December 2020, targeting large-format turf sites (schools, corporate campuses, parks, municipalities) that require continuous maintenance on open, relatively flat terrain. The EPOS (Electric Positioning Operating System) platform, using RTK satellite navigation at centimeter-level accuracy with no boundary wire, reached its commercial hundreds of EPOS model in April 2026. Electric Sheep Robotics (acquired by Oso Electric Equipment in October 2025) developed autonomous outdoor work platforms that can handle mowing and debris collection on commercial sites. The robotic mower market is growing at 18.4% CAGR through 2031. Simultaneously, AI scheduling tools within Jobber (2025 expansion) and similar platforms began automating quote generation, customer communication, and high-value job alerts -- tasks that previously required administrative staff. The combination represents the first sustained threat to the direct labor-hour model for large commercial mowing contracts.

    Effect on the work

    On large, flat commercial and municipal turf -- the most mechanizable segment of the market -- robotic mowing systems are beginning to displace repetitive mowing labor. But the install base is still early: at 18.4% CAGR from a small base, commercial robotic mowers will cover meaningful acreage by 2030 but are not yet transforming headcount at scale. The role for front-line workers on robotic-equipped properties shifts from operating the mower to deploying, monitoring, and servicing the robot -- a skill-upgrade rather than an elimination.

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Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers employment and pay by year

On record since1858
Latest US employment952,640 (May 2025)Source: BLS OEWS May 2025Official statisticReport an error
Latest US median pay$39,150 (May 2025)Source: BLS OEWS May 2025Official statisticReport an error
Outlook+4.7% by 2035Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35Official statisticReport an error

In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

  • Canada (NOC 85121)

    Employment, 2020
    109,675, Statistics Canada Census 2021 Official statistic Report an errorStatistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 85121 Landscaping and grounds maintenance labourers, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
    Median pay, 2020
    C$42,800, Statistics Canada Census 2021 Official statistic Report an errorStatistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 85121 Landscaping and grounds maintenance labourers, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.

  • United Kingdom (UK SOC 5113)

    Employment, 2025
    33,000, ONS ASHE 2025 Official statistic Report an errorONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14): employee jobs in SOC 5113 Gardeners and landscape gardeners, United Kingdom, 2025 (ASHE "number of jobs", thousands x1000; excludes self-employment). Open Government Licence v3.0.
    Median pay, 2025
    £27,057, ONS ASHE 2025 Official statistic Report an errorONS Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (Table 14.7a): median gross annual pay for all employee jobs in SOC 5113 Gardeners and landscape gardeners, United Kingdom, 2025. Open Government Licence v3.0.

  • Australia (ANZSCO 8414)

    Employment, 2025
    34,400, ABS Labour Force Survey Official statistic Report an errorABS Labour Force Survey (Detailed), table EQ08: employed persons in ANZSCO 8414 Garden and Nursery Labourers, national (summed across sex and state/territory), annual average of 4 quarterly estimates.
View all 32 years of cited US data, each linked to its source
YearUS employmentAnnual pay (median unless marked)SourceReport
18594,000n/aEst., The Collector Researched contextReport
190075,000n/aDecennial Census 1900 Researched contextReport
1950200,000n/aEst., Pennington Researched contextReport
1952n/a$2,100Est., University of Missouri Libraries Researched contextReport
1979400,000n/aEst., Wikipedia / NALP Researched contextReport
1988n/a$11,960BLS CPS 1988 Researched contextReport
1996n/a$15,600BLS CPS 1996 Researched contextReport
2000754,340n/aBLS OEWS 2000 Official statisticReport
2002n/a$19,770BLS OEWS 2002 Official statisticReport
2003819,780$19,940BLS OEWS May 2003 Official statisticReport
2004860,200$20,420BLS OEWS May 2004 Official statisticReport
2005896,690$20,670BLS OEWS May 2005 Official statisticReport
2006924,330$21,260BLS OEWS May 2006 Official statisticReport
2007932,730$22,240BLS OEWS May 2007 Official statisticReport
2008921,900$23,150BLS OEWS May 2008 Official statisticReport
2009859,960$23,480BLS OEWS May 2009 Official statisticReport
2010829,350$23,400BLS OEWS May 2010 Official statisticReport
2011821,750$23,410BLS OEWS May 2011 Official statisticReport
2012830,640$23,570BLS OEWS May 2012 Official statisticReport
2013839,780$23,940BLS OEWS May 2013 Official statisticReport
2014868,770$24,290BLS OEWS May 2014 Official statisticReport
2015895,600$25,030BLS OEWS May 2015 Official statisticReport
2016906,570$26,320BLS OEWS May 2016 Official statisticReport
2017912,360$27,670BLS OEWS May 2017 Official statisticReport
2018913,480$29,000BLS OEWS May 2018 Official statisticReport
2019912,660$30,440BLS OEWS May 2019 (employment) Official statisticBLS OEWS May 2019 (pay) Official statisticReport
2020872,370$31,730BLS OEWS May 2020 Official statisticReport
2021892,450$34,430BLS OEWS May 2021 Official statisticReport
2022914,230$35,890BLS OEWS May 2022 Official statisticReport
2023929,930$37,360BLS OEWS May 2023 Official statisticReport
2024943,430$38,090BLS OEWS May 2024 Official statisticReport
2025952,640$39,150BLS OEWS May 2025 Official statisticReport
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