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Chemical engineers

Also called Process development engineer, Chemical process engineer, Pharmaceutical manufacturing engineer, Bioprocess engineer, Refinery engineer

In brief

In May 2025, BLS counted 21,070 US chemical engineers, with median pay of $125,040 a year. Of the BLS counts since 2003, the highest was 33,500, in May 2017. The earliest figure here is an estimate of 500 from 1908, not measured the same way as today's count. The last full technology era for chemical engineers: Pharmaceutical and biotechnology process engineering, 2000 to 2020.

What the sources say

Official outlook

BLS projects employment to grow 4.7% from 2025 to 2035.

BLS Employment Projections 2025-35

AI exposure studies

Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. BLS publishes these counts as yearly survey snapshots and cautions against reading them as a precise trend. In May 2021 BLS changed how it estimates these counts (a model-based method using three years of survey data) and moved fully to the 2018 occupation codes, so part of a change across 2021 can come from the method rather than the work.

Last updated .

Cite this page
APA

Future History. (2026, October 11). Chemical engineers: jobs and pay since 1908 [Data set; data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35]. https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2041

Chicago

Future History. "Chemical engineers: jobs and pay since 1908." Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35. Last modified October 11, 2026. https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2041.

BibTeX

@misc{futurehistory_17_2041, author = {{Future History}}, title = {Chemical engineers: jobs and pay since 1908}, year = {2026}, month = oct, howpublished = {\url{https://futurehistory.earth/timeline/17-2041}}, note = {Last updated 2026-10-11. Data as of BLS OEWS May 2025; BLS Employment Projections 2025-35}, }

The access date is today's date on your device.

drag to travel through time
19001925195019752000now
Country
2026
Known then as Applied Chemist / Industrial Chemist / Chemical Engineer (early degree era, profession not yet formally organized)
Known then as Chemical Engineer (AIChE-era professional, unit operations framework)
Known then as Chemical Engineer (petroleum, plastics, and synthetic fiber expansion era)
Known then as Chemical Engineer (diversification era: pharma, specialty chemicals, environmental)
Known then as Chemical Engineers (BLS SOC 17-2041, biotech and energy-transition era)
Known today as Chemical Engineers (BLS SOC 17-2041, biotech and energy-transition era)
Projected to still be called Chemical Engineers (BLS SOC 17-2041, biotech and energy-transition era)
Data from the May 2025 survey
US Employment
21K
Est.

Stated in source: BLS OEWS

Official statistic
Report an error
Median Annual Wage
$125,040
Est.

≈ $121,834 in 2024 prices (derived by us, CPI-adjusted)

Official statistic
Report an error
Beat · 1888

MIT Professor Lewis M. Norton launches "Course X" -- the world's first four-year chemical engineering degree. The first graduate, William Page Bryant (class of 1891), goes into insurance rather than chemical manufacturing, reflecting how uncertain the profession's labor market was at birth. The University of Pennsylvania follows with its own program in 1892, Tulane in 1894. By 1905 there are approximately 570 chemical engineers working in the United States.

Beat · 1908

The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is founded on June 22, 1908, in Philadelphia, with 40 founding members. The organization imposes strict membership requirements to maintain professional prestige -- at founding it admits only engineers with at least five years of experience in a chemical engineering role -- limiting early growth. By the time of AIChE's centennial in 2008, membership had grown to over 40,000 in more than 90 countries.

Beat · 1915

Arthur D. Little, MIT alumnus and industrial consultant, formally coins the term "unit operations" to describe the concept that all chemical processes can be analyzed by dividing them into distinct underlying operations (distillation, heat transfer, extraction, filtration, etc.) governed by universal principles. This framework -- originally articulated by George Davis in 1887 but not yet named -- becomes the foundation of chemical engineering education and practice for the next half century.

Beat · 1942

The first commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit goes online at Standard Oil of New Jersey's Baton Rouge refinery in 1942, designed to produce high-octane aviation gasoline for the Allied war effort. FCC is a triumph of chemical engineering scale-up: converting a laboratory demonstration into a continuous industrial process capable of processing thousands of barrels of crude oil per day. The Allied advantage in aviation fuel quality -- critical for aircraft engine performance -- depended directly on the work of chemical engineers who scaled up cracking, alkylation, and isomerization processes under wartime urgency.

Beat · 1974

June 1, 1974: An explosion at the Nypro Ltd. cyclohexane plant in Flixborough, England, kills 28 people and injures 36 more. A temporary pipe bypass had been installed without adequate engineering review. The Flixborough inquiry's findings became the foundation for formal process safety management: inherently safer design, Management of Change procedures, and the systematic HAZOP (Hazard and Operability Study) methodology. In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive was established in 1975 in direct response; in the US, Flixborough informed the eventual OSHA PSM rule of 1992.

Beat · 1984

December 3, 1984: A methyl isocyanate (MIC) leak from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, kills at least 4,000 people and injures hundreds of thousands -- the worst industrial disaster in history. The Bhopal disaster fundamentally changed how the chemical engineering profession viewed its obligations and shaped a generation of regulatory responses. In the US, Congress passed the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) in 1986 and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (Section 112(r) Risk Management Program). OSHA promulgated Process Safety Management (29 CFR 1910.119) in 1992. These rules created a permanent institutional demand for chemical engineers as PSM engineers of record -- a class of work that AI tools are explicitly excluded from substituting for by OSHA's PHA facilitation requirements.

Beat · 1992

OSHA promulgates the Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals standard (29 CFR 1910.119), requiring covered facilities to conduct formal Process Hazard Analyses led by engineers qualified in both the process and the PHA methodology. This standard creates a non-delegable licensed-engineer role at thousands of US chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, and manufacturing facilities. PHA facilitators must revalidate their analyses every five years. The PSM standard is the strongest structural protection for chemical engineering employment against automation: it explicitly requires a human engineer of record whose accountability cannot be transferred to a software tool.

Beat · 2022

The US CHIPS and Science Act (August 2022) authorizes $52 billion in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and $39 billion in fabrication plant subsidies. Semiconductor fab processes depend heavily on ultra-high-purity chemical engineering -- the slurries, etchants, photoresists, and process gases used in chip fabrication require the same kind of separation, reaction, and purification expertise that chemical engineers bring to pharmaceutical manufacturing. The CHIPS Act-funded fab expansion at TSMC Arizona, Intel Ohio, and Samsung Texas is expected to create thousands of chemical engineering positions focused on semiconductor process chemistry through 2030.

How to read this number

OEWS is a point-in-time survey snapshot, not a continuous time series; BLS advises against using it for year-over-year trend comparison.

Each dot is a cited figure over time; the dotted line only links them (values between aren't measured). Hollow dots are estimates.

Official statistic: Copied by a script from a statistics agency table or a published study's table, not retyped by hand. BLS figures and the forecast and exposure tables are also re-checked against that table on every data run. Researched context: Researched from the cited source rather than copied from it by a script, so it is not machine-checked yet. Spot a mistake? Each figure has a “Report an error” link.

Cited forecasts · present → 2035

Will AI replace chemical engineers? What the research says

Each figure is stated by the named source; we publish no forecasts of our own. Where sources disagree, we show the disagreement rather than an average.

Each figure is stated by the named source; we publish no forecasts of our own. Where sources disagree, the spread is the honest signal.

What published forecasts say
Forecast change in the number of people doing this work, as published by each named source. Bars share one scale on every role, centred on zero and reaching the end at ±30%. Grey marks a small change, 3% or less either way.
BLS Employment Projections 2025-35
→ 2035
+4.7%
BLS National Employment Matrix, 2025-35 cycle, line for SOC 17-2041 (Chemical engineers): 21.9 thousand jobs in 2025, projected 22.9 thousand in 2035, a change of +1.0 thousand (+4.7%). Matrix employment counts all jobs in the occupation, including self-employed workers (2.4% of this occupation in 2025). The average for all occupations in this cycle is +3.5%.
Official statisticReport an error
How exposed is this work to AI (research measures)
Scores as published by each study. Each row says what it measures. These measure what AI could technically do, not forecasts of jobs lost.
Eloundou et al. (2023), "GPTs are GPTs"
2023 study · Share of tasks exposed to LLMs (β, human-rated)
34.6%
of tasks
What this measures

Published occupation-level exposure from the paper's occ_level.csv for O*NET-SOC 17-2041.00 Chemical Engineers. Shown: human-rated β = 0.346, the share of the occupation's tasks an LLM could do in at least half the time at equal quality, counting tasks that need LLM-powered software at half weight (β = E1 + 0.5 × E2). Other published measures for this occupation: human-rated α (LLM alone) 0.077 and γ (all LLM-assisted) 0.615; GPT-4-rated β 0.462. This measures how much of the work an LLM could touch, not how many jobs disappear.

Official statisticReport an error
Today, in this role

What's changing day to day for chemical engineers

Three parts of your work where AI is already doing real lifting, and what stays yours.

AI is sitting alongside you hereAnalyze process historian data from DCS, PI System, or OSIsoft at scale using Seeq: build correlation worksheets that compare conversion, yield, utility consumption, and product quality across batch or continuous operating campaigns

Analyze process historian data from DCS, PI System, or OSIsoft at scale using Seeq: build correlation worksheets that compare conversion, yield, utility consumption, and product quality across batch or continuous operating campaigns; use Seeq AI anomaly detection to surface deviations from normal operating envelopes automatically; translate AI-flagged patterns into operational improvement recommendations for the plant team and document findings in process improvement reports.[6],[13]

Tools picking this up
Where your edge is

Seeq AI anomaly detection surfaces candidate deviations from normal process envelopes extremely quickly, but distinguishing a genuine process degradation signal from a sensor drift artifact, a feedstock composition change, or a scheduled maintenance event requires process knowledge that the tool lacks. Build a disciplined contextualization practice: for every Seeq anomaly flag, cross-check the timestamp against the maintenance log, shift notes, and laboratory sample data before escalating or acting on the signal.

AI is sitting alongside you hereBuild and iterate steady-state and dynamic process simulations in Aspen Plus or Aspen HYSYS: using AspenTech AI assistant features to auto-configure thermodynamic property packages from feed composition, generate initial convergence sequences for recycle loops, and flag simulation blocks that have not converged

Build and iterate steady-state and dynamic process simulations in Aspen Plus or Aspen HYSYS: using AspenTech AI assistant features to auto-configure thermodynamic property packages from feed composition, generate initial convergence sequences for recycle loops, and flag simulation blocks that have not converged; validate AI-recommended configurations against first-principles mass and energy balances; finalize converged flowsheet as the basis for equipment sizing and cost estimation.[4],[1]

Tools picking this up
Where your edge is

AspenTech AI dramatically reduces the time to set up a converging simulation, but the engineer must verify that AI-selected thermodynamic property packages are appropriate for the specific chemical system: NRTL vs. SRK vs. PC-SAFT errors cascade through equipment sizing and can invalidate capital cost estimates. Build thermodynamic model selection fluency (Aspen Property Estimation, experimental data reconciliation) and maintain the habit of checking critical property predictions against published literature data before treating the simulation as authoritative.

AI is sitting alongside you hereApply Schrödinger AI molecular simulation platform for specialty materials or pharmaceutical API development: run force-field-based molecular dynamics and FEP+ free energy perturbation calculations to predict API solubility, crystalline form stability, and reactivity with excipients

Apply Schrödinger AI molecular simulation platform for specialty materials or pharmaceutical API development: run force-field-based molecular dynamics and FEP+ free energy perturbation calculations to predict API solubility, crystalline form stability, and reactivity with excipients; generate candidate formulation or materials property predictions in silico before committing to laboratory synthesis; review AI-predicted property distributions against experimental calibration benchmarks and select candidates for experimental validation.[8],[14]

Where your edge is

Schrödinger FEP+ predictions provide high-value rank-ordering of candidate molecules but carry force-field-dependent prediction uncertainty that is largest for polar, ionizable, or flexible molecules: common in pharmaceutical APIs. Build a personal calibration library: for every Schrödinger campaign, track the predicted vs. experimental results for solubility, logP, and polymorph stability on a held-out test set to understand where the model is reliable for your compound class before using predictions to eliminate candidates without experimental follow-up.

Where chemical engineers go next

Natural next steps for someone with your foundation: not exits, evolutions.

What each move takes

A direction you could grow

Natural Sciences Managers

Chemical engineers who develop strong cross-functional research leadership skills (directing process R&D teams, managing chemical laboratory programs, and bridging engineering and life-sciences stakeholders in pharma or materials science) transition naturally into Natural Sciences Manager roles. This path is particularly well-timed: green hydrogen process R&D, advanced battery materials, and carbon capture chemistry are all driving formation of new research programs that need managers who can integrate process chemistry, engineering scale-up judgment, and regulatory strategy simultaneously. BLS projects +8% growth for Natural Sciences Managers through 2034.

What you'd add
· Research program management: milestone-based R&D planning, budget ownership, grant writing (DOE, NSF, ARPA-E for energy-transition ChemEs; NIH SBIR/STTR for pharma ChemEs)
· Cross-functional team leadership: coordinating chemists, engineers, technicians, and regulatory specialists across multi-year development programs
· Technology transfer and scale-up governance: managing the bench-to-pilot-to-commercial-scale transition decision framework and capital project approvals
· Intellectual property and licensing: patent strategy for process inventions, licensing term negotiation, and IP portfolio management with legal counsel
· Executive communication: translating technical process risk, regulatory timeline, and scale-up uncertainty into portfolio-level business impact for non-technical leadership
What it takesSome new skills to pick up
Tools of the era

How has the work of chemical engineers changed since 1888?

The tools that defined the work, one line per era. Select an era to see how it reshaped the work.

  • Slide rule, logarithm tables, and physical pilot plants (unit operations era)

    The chemical engineer of the early profession worked with a slide rule, published logarithm and steam tables, and physical pilot-plant experimentation. The conceptual breakthrough of "unit operations" -- articulated by George Davis in 1887 and formalized by Arthur D. Little at MIT in 1915 -- gave engineers a shared vocabulary and analytical framework for every kind of chemical transformation regardless of the specific chemistry involved. Design was sequential and hand-calculated: mass balances, energy balances, equipment sizing from empirical correlations, all done on paper and verified by physical trials. There was no shortcut to understanding whether a distillation column or reactor would work at scale -- you built a pilot plant and measured it.

    Effect on the work

    The unit-operations framework enabled a single profession to address the full range of industrial chemistry rather than requiring a separate specialist for every chemical category. This breadth was the profession's first competitive moat and supported steady employment growth from the profession's founding through WWII.

  • Continuous processing and catalytic refining (the petroleum and polymer golden age)

    The post-WWII period was the defining era for the profession. Cheap crude oil, catalytic cracking technology perfected for wartime aviation gasoline, and exploding consumer demand for plastics, synthetic fibers (nylon, polyester), synthetic rubber, detergents, and fertilizers created a wave of large-scale continuous chemical plant construction across the Gulf Coast, the Midwest, and abroad. The chemical engineer's core skill -- designing and optimizing continuous flow processes at industrial scale -- was precisely what this boom required. Major chemical engineering milestones of the era include: fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) of crude oil (first commercial unit 1942), development of polyethylene and polypropylene processes in the 1950s, and the Haber-Bosch ammonia synthesis scale-up that enabled the Green Revolution in agriculture.

    Effect on the work

    The petroleum and chemical industries paid the highest engineering salaries of any sector, and chemical engineering graduates commanded the highest starting salaries among all engineering disciplines from the 1950s through the mid-1970s.

  • Process systems engineering and safety regulation (post-Flixborough, post-Bhopal era)

    Two disasters reshaped the profession's priorities. The 1974 Flixborough explosion in England (many deaths), caused by a poorly engineered temporary pipe bypass, gave birth to the formal discipline of process safety management and the concept of inherently safer design. A decade later, the 1984 Bhopal methyl isocyanate release (thousands of deaths) prompted the US EPA to create the Risk Management Program and OSHA to codify Process Safety Management (29 CFR 1910.119) in 1992. These regulations created a permanent demand for chemical engineers as Process Hazard Analysis facilitators, safety case authors, and EPA RMP engineers of record. Simultaneously, the oil shocks of the 1970s forced chemical companies to diversify away from commodity petrochemicals toward specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and electronic materials -- reshaping the employment geography of the profession from refinery belts toward biopharmaceutical corridors.

    Effect on the work

    Employment in traditional petrochemical and commodity-chemical manufacturing declined through the 1980s and 1990s as US plant construction slowed and offshore competition intensified. Total ChemE employment dropped between late-1970s and 1999 per BLS OES data. The pharmaceutical and specialty-chemicals sectors absorbed some of this contraction, but the net result was the largest sustained employment decline in the profession's history.

  • Process simulation software: Aspen Plus (1982), HYSYS (1988), and steady-state flowsheet tools

    Aspen Technology was founded in 1981 as a commercialization of the MIT Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) project, with US Department of Energy backing. Aspen Plus was released in 1982 and represented a fundamental shift in how chemical process design was done: for the first time, engineers could build detailed steady-state flowsheet simulations -- with rigorous thermodynamic property packages, convergence algorithms for recycle loops, and equipment sizing modules -- on a workstation rather than by hand calculation or physical pilot plant. HYSYS, developed by Hyprotech in Calgary and released commercially in the late 1980s, brought similar capability to the oil and gas sector. By the 1990s, process simulation had become the central professional skill of chemical engineers, and an engineer who could not build and interpret an Aspen Plus or HYSYS flowsheet was at a serious disadvantage in the job market. These tools did not reduce employment; they increased the productivity and precision of each engineer and expanded the scope of problems that could be addressed within a project budget.

    Effect on the work

    Simulation tools raised the throughput of each chemical engineer substantially -- an engineer with Aspen Plus could evaluate design alternatives in days that previously took weeks. This productivity gain allowed smaller engineering teams to handle larger and more complex projects, contributing to the long-run employment compression alongside offshore competition and deindustrialization.

  • Pharmaceutical and biotechnology process engineering (cGMP, PAT, bioprocess scale-up)

    The 2000s saw a decisive shift in where chemical engineers worked and what they did. As traditional commodity-chemical manufacturing employment declined, pharmaceutical and biotechnology manufacturing -- with its cGMP validation requirements, FDA Process Analytical Technology guidance, and demand for bioprocess scale-up engineers -- became the growth frontier. Chemical engineers applied their core skills (mass balances, heat transfer, mixing, separation) to bioreactors producing insulin, monoclonal antibodies, and other biologics. The FDA's 2011 Process Validation guidance and the ICH Q8/Q10/Q11 pharmaceutical quality standards created a persistent demand for engineers who could write process validation protocols and defend process understanding in regulatory submissions. The number of FDA-regulated drug manufacturing facilities in the US grew substantially through the 2000s-2010s, and CDMOs (contract development and manufacturing organizations) became a major employer of chemical engineers.

  • AI process simulation and real-time optimization: Aspen Plus AI, Honeywell Forge, Seeq, IBM RXN

    The 2020s brought a wave of AI tools into chemical engineering practice that substantially automates the iteration-intensive parts of the job. AspenTech's AI-enhanced Aspen Plus and Aspen HYSYS (2024-2025) cut simulation setup time by 50-80% at early-adopter sites by auto-configuring thermodynamic property packages and generating initial convergence sequences. Honeywell Forge Process AI performs real-time closed-loop optimization of distillation columns and reactor setpoints. Seeq (acquired by AspenTech 2022) automates extraction and correlation of process historian data that previously required manual wrangling. IBM RXN for Chemistry predicts reaction pathways and retrosynthetic routes for new chemical entities. NVIDIA Modulus enables physics-informed neural network surrogates that run faster than full-fidelity simulations. These tools concentrate the demand for human judgment on the non-automatable parts of the job: OSHA PSM Process Hazard Analysis facilitation (where licensed engineer accountability is non-delegable), EPA RMP sign-off, physical plant commissioning, and novel process conceptualization in frontier chemistries where the AI training data does not yet exist.

    Effect on the work

    The AI-tooled era has not yet triggered a visible employment reduction; BLS projects modest positive growth through 2034. The productivity gains from AI tools are more likely to expand the scope of problems addressable by a fixed engineering headcount than to directly reduce headcount in the near term -- the same pattern seen with Aspen Plus in the 1980s. The longer-run employment effect will depend on whether the non-automatable OSHA PSM and FDA regulatory accountability functions remain strictly human-gated.

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Chemical Engineers employment and pay by year

On record since1888
Latest US employment21,070 (May 2025)Source: BLS OEWS May 2025Official statisticReport an error
Latest US median pay$125,040 (May 2025)Source: BLS OEWS May 2025Official statisticReport an error
Outlook+4.7% by 2035Source: BLS Employment Projections 2025-35Official statisticReport an error

In other countries

The latest figure each country's statistics agency publishes for this job. Each uses its own occupation definition, survey basis and currency, so the numbers are not directly comparable with each other or with the US figures.

  • Canada (NOC 21320)

    Employment, 2020
    11,310, Statistics Canada Census 2021 Official statistic Report an errorStatistics Canada Census of Population 2021: number of persons with employment income in NOC 21320 Chemical engineers, Canada, reference year 2020. A recipients basis (anyone with employment income during the year), slightly broader than a point-in-time employed count. Statistics Canada Open Licence.
    Median pay, 2020
    C$104,000, Statistics Canada Census 2021 Official statistic Report an errorStatistics Canada Census of Population 2021 (Table 98-10-0586): median employment income for NOC 21320 Chemical engineers, Canada, reference year 2020, full-year full-time workers (the basis comparable to the US OEWS full-time median). Statistics Canada Open Licence.
View all 28 years of cited US data, each linked to its source
YearUS employmentAnnual pay (median unless marked)SourceReport
1908500n/aEst., Science History Institute Researched contextReport
194415,000n/aEst., US BLS Researched contextReport
196045,000$8,400Decennial Census 1970 (employment) Researched contextEst., NACE (pay) Researched contextReport
198058,000n/aEst., Pafko Researched contextReport
199928,630$66,220BLS OEWS 1999 Official statisticReport
200332,490$73,750BLS OEWS May 2003 Official statisticReport
200430,320$76,770BLS OEWS May 2004 Official statisticReport
200527,550$77,140BLS OEWS May 2005 Official statisticReport
200629,060$78,860BLS OEWS May 2006 Official statisticReport
200728,780$81,500BLS OEWS May 2007 Official statisticReport
200830,970$84,680BLS OEWS May 2008 Official statisticReport
200929,000$88,280BLS OEWS May 2009 Official statisticReport
201028,720$90,300BLS OEWS May 2010 Official statisticReport
201127,860$92,930BLS OEWS May 2011 Official statisticReport
201232,190$94,350BLS OEWS May 2012 Official statisticReport
201333,300$95,730BLS OEWS May 2013 Official statisticReport
201433,470$96,940BLS OEWS May 2014 Official statisticReport
201532,230$97,360BLS OEWS May 2015 Official statisticReport
201631,990$98,340BLS OEWS May 2016 Official statisticReport
201733,500$102,160BLS OEWS May 2017 Official statisticReport
201832,060$104,910BLS OEWS May 2018 Official statisticReport
201930,120$108,770BLS OEWS May 2019 Official statisticReport
202025,770$108,540BLS OEWS May 2020 Official statisticReport
202124,180$105,550BLS OEWS May 2021 Official statisticReport
202220,380$106,260BLS OEWS May 2022 Official statisticReport
202321,140$112,100BLS OEWS May 2023 Official statisticReport
202420,330$121,860BLS OEWS May 2024 Official statisticReport
202521,070$125,040BLS OEWS May 2025 Official statisticReport
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